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water! - Coggle Diagram

- - - - debris and suspended materials on land surface
      - organic and inorganic substances from urban and agricultural land
      - contaminants from domestic and industrial waste discharge
    - - reservoirs
      - lakes
      - rivers
  - - - dissolution of mineral deposits (from nearby rocks)
      - infiltration of surface waters. sewage, industrial wastes
  - - - organic
      - inorganic
    - - animal
      - protista
      - plant
    - - suspended
        
        fine
        
        colloidal
        
        course
      - dissolved
  - - - number and type of particles
        
        particles are solids that are larger than molecules, particles come from soil, biological activity, industrial...
      - colour (observable)
        
        highly coloured waters may be more corrosive, colour caused by dissolved minerals, decomposition of vegetable matter, presence of sewage effluent and artificial dyes
        
        apparent colour -> seen in unfiltered samples, true colour -> seen in filtered samples through 0.45 micron filters, colour measured using a colour spectrometer
      - turbidity (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit, NTU)
        
        lakes and reservoirs: 1-20 NTU, rivers: 10 to >4000 NTU, drinking water: <5 NTu
      - temperature
        
        warm water enables chemicals to dissolve more easily, particles to settle out, more significant biological activities
      - taste and odour
        
        taste is due to decaying microorganisms or algae and high concentration of salts
        
        odour is due to many organic and some inorganic chemicals
    - - inorganic constituents: dissolved cations, anions, iron, manganese, etc
      - organic (chemicals composed of carbon and one or more H and O) constituents: O2, C, H, S
        
        compounds from human activities
        
        compounds added or formed during water treatment
        
        natural organic material (NOM)
      - calcium is a very important inorganic cation - primary constituent of water hardness
      - pH
        
        water should be 7
      - hardness
        
        caused by multivalent (+2,+3) positive metallic ions such as calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese
        
        temporary (more common)
        
        permanent
      - acidity, different from pH, more for the formation of carbonic acid
      - alkalinity, measure of its capacity to neutralise acids, absorption of hydrogen ions without significant pH change
    - - algae
      - fungi and moulds
      - bacteria
      - protozoa
      - virus
      - helminth
- - - - commercial & industrial -> semi conducters, ai
      - public
      - domestic
      - loss -> leakages
    - - reach agreements between regions/countries to share surface water
      - raise water prices/ decrease govt subsidies for water consumption/ increase govt subsidies for reducing water usage
      - preserve water quality
      - practice non-depletion of water sources
      - waste less water
    - - industry and commerce -> types of industries and number of people employed
      - water rates and metering -> less water is consumed if its more expensive
      - climatic conditions -> warmer weather? climate change?
      - others -> quality of water, system maintenance, conservation programmes and living standards
- - - - organic and inorganic substances from urban and agricultural land
      - contaminants from domestic and industrial waste discharge
      - debris and suspended material on the land surface
    - - dilution of poor-quality water
      - sedimentation
      - algae and organism growth (zootrophication)
  - - - type of geologic material and length of time water is in contact with those materials determines its groundwater chemistry
    - - dissolution of mineral deposits in its flow path
      - infiltration of sewage, surface waters, industrial wastes