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Obesity - Coggle Diagram
Obesity
Obesity Measures
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
- two X-ray energy levels to measure fat/free mass and bone mineral density
- highly accurate, low cost
- radiation exposure
Anthropometric measurement
- Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Waist-to-hip ratio
- waist/arm circumference
- skinfold thickness
- low cost, quick and easy
- less accurate/valid across ethnicities
Ultrasound
- Reflected ultrasound waves assess tissues
- highly accurate, no radiation
- lack of standardisation
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
- X-rays and digital detectors create cross-sectional and 3D imaging of body tissues
- highly accurate
- expensive, radiation exposure
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- strong magnetic fields to align protons and distinguish between tissues
- no ionising radiation, detailed
- more expensive, less accessible, limited accuracy
Bioelectrical Impedance
- electrical currents through the body; differs through fat, water and muscle
- can assess whole body specifically
- results affected by hydration, body conditions, less accessible
**DEXA, CT and Ultrasound are the most reliable measures
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Pathophysiology, Complications and Management of Obesity
Lifestyle Management
- dietary therapy
- physical activity
- behaviour modification; increase incidental exercise
- treating underlying conditions and reviewing modifications
Surgical Approach
- bariatric surgery (restrictive) - surgically altering size of the stomach
- bariatric surgery (malabsorptive) - surgically altering size of small intestine to minimise absorption
Complications:
- cardiovascular disease
- sleep apnoea
- psychological issues
- musculoskeletal conditions
- cancers
- type 2 diabetes
Pharmacological Management (BMI>25):
- Orlistat - inhibits absorption of gastric and pancreatic lipase (enzymes breaking down fat)
- glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue - stimulates insulin secretion to decrease appetite
- noradrenergic drug - induces weight loss
What is it?
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Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) - interrelated risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes
- insulin resistance
- upper body obesity
- high fasting plasma glucose
- dyslipidemia
- hypertension