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realism - Coggle Diagram
realism
right realism
biosocial theory
Wilson and herrnstein- biological/psychology factors +inadequate socialisation -> crime; rational choice
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Wilson & Kelling — Broken Windows thesis: disorder (broken windows, graffiti) signals no one cares → escalates to serious crime; zero-tolerance policing as solution.
Policies: target-hardening, environmental design, zero tolerance.
Criticism: ignores wider structural causes (poverty, inequality); over-focus on street crime, ignores white-collar/corporate crime.
left realism
causes of crime
relative deprivation
Lea and Young where individuals feel deprived compared to others or their own expectations. This sense of deprivation is seen as a key driver of criminal behavior, even when living standards are generally improving.
Example: Increased consumerism can heighten feelings of deprivation among those who cannot afford similar goods, potentially leading to crimes like theft or fraud.
Case Study: The 2011 UK riots were partly attributed to frustration over economic inequality and lack of opportunities among young people in deprived areas.
marginalization
groups often lack representation and opportunities within society, leading to frustration and resentment. This can push individuals towards crime as a means to express grievances or achieve a sense of control.
Example: Some ethnic minorities in Western countries report feeling excluded, with some turning to gang activity to gain status and influence.
subculture
Drawing from Merton’s strain theory, left realists suggest that subcultures develop as collective responses to blocked opportunities. These groups may adopt criminal methods to achieve societal goals, such as acquiring material wealth.
Example: Youth gangs in deprived areas might engage in drug trafficking and robbery as alternative ways to achieve financial success.
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