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HP1000 chp 1 - Coggle Diagram
HP1000 chp 1
7 modern perspectives of psychology
cognitive
influenced by gestalt psychology
how people think, remember and store information (memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, learning thought processes...)
cognitive neuroscience: studies the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged with memory, thinking and other cognitive processes
sociocultural
influence of social interactions, society and culture on an individual's thinking and behaviour
Vygotsky
humanistic
people have their own ability to drive and influence their own lives (free will), self actualisation (actual potential for growth)
exists as a form of psychotherapy, self improvement and self understanding
"third force", focuses on aspects of personality that make people feel uniquely human -> subjective feelings and freedom of choice
maslow, rogers
biopsychological
attributes human and animal behavioural and mental processes to biological events
brain and genetics
broca, darwin
behavioural
skinner
classical conditioning
operant conditioning: how voluntary behaviour is learned
pavlov, watson, skinner
evolutionary
focuses on biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
buss, dawkins
psychodynamic
influenced by freud
unconscious mind and its influence over the conscious behaviour and early childhood experiences, development of sense of self, social and interpersonal relationship, and other motivations behind one's behaviour
not so much sexual motivations
major theorists: freud, carl jung
scientific research: testing of ideas empirically
observation -> theory -> form a hypothesis -> make a prediction based of hypothesis -> collect data to test prediction -> analyse results -> conclude if hypothesis is correct/incorrect
hypothesis has to be testifiable, falsifiable, specific
operationalisation: specific definition of variable of interest to allow to be directly manipulated or measured
independent variable: variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
dependent variable: variable that represents the measurable behaviour or response
early ideas of psychology
psychoanalysis
unconscious mind influences conscious activities and early childhood experience, development through stages
behaviourism
focus on observable behaviour, ignore consciousness
gestalt psychology
psychological activities such as sensing and perception cannot be broken down into simpler elements
Psychology: the scientific study of mental and behavioural processes
mental process:
covert, cognitive -> remembering, thinking, understanding
behavioural processes:
overt, outer actions, reactions
critical thinking: reasoned judgement
not everyone is credible in everything
critical evaluation of claims
evidence
could bias contaminate the findings
reasonable or extreme
does the reasoning avoid common fallacies
source origin
does the issue require multiple perspectives
critical thinking
All evidence is not equal in quality.
Critical thinking requires an open mind.
Few “truths” do not need to be tested.
Expertise doesn’t automatically make claims true
psuedopsychology: unsupported psychological beliefs that masquerade as scientific truth