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Energy,forces and Density - Coggle Diagram

- - - - pollution
      - greenhouse gasses
      - renewables
  - - - Dissipation: Wasted energy spreads out into the air and the room around the device.
      - Thermal store: Most wasted energy turns into heat.
  - - - .
        
        Formula: \(W = F \times d\) (when force and motion are in the same direction)
        
        Units:
        
        \(W\) (Work done / Energy): Joules (\(\text{J}\)) or Newton-metres (\(\text{Nm}\))
        
        \(F\) (Force): Newtons (\(\text{N}\))
        
        \(d\) (Distance / Displacement): Metres (\(\text{m}\))
      - Note: If the force acts and motion is in the opposite direction to the motion, W = F x D x cos
    - - Formula (from work/energy and time): \(P = \frac{W}{t}\)
      - Formula (from force and velocity): \(P = F \times v\) [1, 2]
      - Units:
        
        P (Power): Watts (W), where 1W = 1J/s
        
        \(t\) (Time): Seconds (\(\text{s}\))
        
        \(v\) (Velocity): Metres per second (\(\text{m/s}\))
- - - - Basics
        
        Definition: It measures how fast your speed or direction changes.
        
        Units: It is measured in meters per second squared (m/s2). This means how many meters per second the speed changes every single second.
      - Basic formula
        
        Acceleration (A) = Change in velocity (V) ÷ time (T)
      - In physics, you are accelerating anytime your velocity changes in one of three ways:
        
        Speeding up: Moving faster (acceleration points in the same direction as motion).
        
        Slowing down: Also called deceleration (acceleration points opposite to motion).
        
        Turning or changing direction: Even if your speed stays the same, turning means your direction changes, which is a form of acceleration
  - - - Types: gravity, friction, air resistance, upthrust, normal reaction, tension.
      - Balanced vs unbalanced forces:
        
        Balanced → constant speed
        
        Unbalanced → acceleration or deceleration
      - Gravity
        
        Weight = mass × gravitational field strength.
        
        Gravity on Earth vs Moon.
    - - Moment = force × perpendicular distance.
      - examples - Levers, seesaws
      - Turning effect-: Moments can turn things in a clockwise(right) or anticlockwise (left) direction
      - formula
        
        Formula: Moment = Force × Distance [1, 2]
        
        Units:
        
        Force (F) is measured in Newtons (N).
        
        Distance (d) from the pivot is measured in metres (m).
        
        Moment is measured in Newton-metres (Nm)
    - - Pressure in solids: force ÷ area.
      - Pressure in liquids: increases with depth.
      - Atmospheric pressure.
      - Atmospheric pressure
        
        .
        
        What it is: The push or force of air molecules pressing down on a surface.
        
        Cause: The total weight of all the air in the atmosphere above you.
        
        Direction: It pushes and acts in all directions (up, down, and sideways).
        
        Unit of measurement: Measured in pascals (Pa) or kilopascals (kPa)
        
        Pressure levels
        
        Pressure gets smaller as you go up
        
        Reason for change: There is less air pressing down from above when you gain altitude.
        
        Sea level: Pressure is highest at sea level because the air column is at its maximum height.
- - - - Solids
        
        Particle arrangement: Particles are locked tightly together in a regular, rigid pattern.
        
        Spacing: There is very little empty space.
        
        Density result: High mass fits into a small volume, creating a high density.
      - Liquids
        
        Particle arrangement: Particles are close together but can slide and flow past each other.
        
        Spacing: There are slightly larger spaces between particles than in solids.
        
        Density result: Usually slightly less dense than solids of the same substance, but still high.
      - Gases
        
        Particle arrangement: Particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds.
        
        Spacing: There is a large amount of empty space between particles.
        
        Density result: Very small mass fits in a large volume, giving gases the lowest density.