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TOOLS FOR CONVERSATION ANALYSIS - Coggle Diagram
TOOLS FOR CONVERSATION ANALYSIS
TURN-TAKING
in most cultures only one person speaks at the time but all cultures have their own preferences as to when a new speaker can start or overlap and interrupt the previous, or when speakers can pause and for how long
something we are all familiar with because we naturally respect this rule
speakers take turns to talk
: convention and economy (no talking over somebody else) > our brain activates itself when it's worth it
Disrespect TT
content-independent reasons
personal
: nervousness, sociability, insecurity, desire to be liked (avoid blank moments)
cultural
: interaction, inclusion > respect (in Mediterranean culture or Eastern culture > respect is very important)
content-dependent reasons
contextual or situation-based
(relevant things to say)
adversarial
(counterclaiming): fighting, arguing
task-based settings
(testing, competences to be demonstrated): job interviews, exams > you want to give a good impression of yourself, so you speak as soon as it is possible
TRANSITION RELEVANT POINT (TRP)
is the moment in an exchange where the most relevant information have been provided and the speaker has finished to talk (even in arguments: no need to come in if you don't know what to counterclaim)
two possibly problematic cases
Interruption
(before the TRP) > when you start talking before your interlocutor gets to the TRP > problematic because the informative flow has been interrupted
Overlap
(after TRP, but before the speaker has finished to talk) > when you start talking before your interlocutor is done, but after the TRP > the informative flow works
ADJACENCY PAIRS
predetermined pairs > when the utterance of one speaker make a certain response/preferred response of the next speaker (natural flex, not just politeness)
referred response categorized as
question > answer
offer/invitation > acceptance
assessment/proposal > agreement
greeting > greeting
complaint (softer) > apology
blame (form of aggression = violent) > denial
you expect your interlocutor to be sincere > you agree/ackowledge
there are also some dispreferred response (REFUSAL AND AGREEMENT)
not expected (question > question; offer > non-acceptance) > you have to go back and reprocess it
because of the content (find a solution to solve the problem)
because of the form/function
SEQUENCES
conversation organized in stretches of utterances; when we talk we never say just what we want to say
types
Opening and closing sequences
> introducing or closing conversational exchanges
Pre-sequences
> prepares the ground for a further sequence and signals the type of utterance to follow
Main sequence
> your purpose, the reason why you are talking to them
Insertion sequence
> placed between an adjacency pair