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Life Science, Hormones in Sport - Coggle Diagram
Life Science
Life processes in Animals and Plants
Human Reproduction
Female Reproductive System
Accessory Glands
External Genetalia
Ovaries
Puberty
Process
testosterone and estrogen initiate changes to gonads and body
change in gonads result in primary sexual characteristics
hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland
gonadotrpins
Changes in Girl's
uterus size increase
ovulation
breast development
widening of pelvis
Changes in Boy's
enlargement of testis & penis
increase in size of larynx
sperm production begins
enlargement of skeletal muscles
Male Reproductive System
Accessory Glands
Prostate
External Genitalia
Ducts
epididymis
spermduct
urethra
Primary Sex Organs
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
Growth Phase
Graafian follicles grow
primary oocyte grows inside
oogonium
Reduction & Maturity Phase
oocyte to egg
Spermatogenesis
Growth Phase
spermatogenia mature into primary spermatogenia
Reduction Phase
undergo meiotic division
forms 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
same process to form 4 haploid spermatids
Multiplying Phase
diploid spermatogenic divide
Differentiation Phase
lose cytoplasm and useless cell organells
Menstrual Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Ovulation
LH makes Graafian follicle to release egg
Formation of Corpus Luteum
remnant of follicle into corpus luteum
Development of Graafian follicle
FSH influence's follicle to develop into fluid-filled Graafian follicle
primary oocyte
meiosis
ovum
primary follicle matures to release egg cell
Uterine Cycle
Changes in Endometrium
oestrogen repairs endometrium
OE + protest. thicken endometrium for egg implantation
glandular
vascular
Menstruation
negative feedback releases FSH + LH
lining is shed
tissue and blood pass through vagina
3-7 days
Gestation
Later Development - Foetal Period
sexual organs visible & reflex
ossification of skeleton and skin
major organs function & arms bend
fatty tissue & external characteristics form
basic facial features
bone marrow
amniotic cavity
heart
arm and leg buds
CNS
lanago falls off
implantation into endometrium
lungs mature and antibodies enter
blastocyst
positioned head down
The Placenta
maternal antibodies to foetus
temp. immunity
barrier preventing diseases, exceptions:
rubella
syphilis
HIV
Removes foetal waste
endocrine function
oestrogen & progesteroneto develop uterus
relaxin to relax joints & ligaments for birth
Oxygen and nutrients
Early Development
Blastocyst Formation & Implantation
2n divides to form morula
blastocyst formed
implantation
zygote to 2n
Embryo Formation
inner cell forms
amnion
yolk sack
embryo
trophoblast to villi
embryo develops into
mesoderm
ectoderm
endoderm
Fertilisation
sperm enters cytoplasm
zygote
follicle cells dissolve via enzymes
The Amnion
movement practice for foetus
holds urine
cushion damage
prevent
change in temperature
dehydration
support foetus
The Umbilical Chord
umbilical arteries
carry waste
umbilical vein
carries Oxygenated blood and nutrients
Birth
Delivery of Baby
pushed via strong uterine and abdominal contractions
umbilical chord is cut
Expulsion of Placenta
uterine contractions push out placenta as a afterbirth
Dilation of Cervix
uterine muscles contactions
force foetus towards cervix
cause cervix to dilate
cervix fully dilated
pressure breaks amnion and releases amniotic fluid
myometrium contracts
Birth Options
vaginal childbirth
cesarean section
Lactation
oest. & progest. stimulate milk gland + duct development
post birth prolactin stimulates milk production
oxytocin causes release of milk
breast milk
nutrients
cost effective
antibodies
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Syphilis
painless sore on genetalia
damage to organs
skin rash
Can be treated with Antibiotics
Gonorrhea
female
painful urination
cloudy, yellowish vaginal discharge
male
yellowish urethral discharge
testicular pain
can be treated with antibiotics
effects
damage to sex organs
risk of miscarriage or premature birth
can cause blindness in the baby
Human Immune-Deficiency Virus
rapid weight loss
diarrhoea
loss of appetite
Infertility
Female
blocked oviducts prevent sperm and egg from meeting
uterus issues
viable eggs aren't made in ovulation
Solutions
surgical treatment
assisted insemination
in vitro fertilisation
intra-fallopian transfer
artificial insemination
intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection
fertility drugs
Surrogacy
artificial insemination ( male )
implantation of an embryo ( female )
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
alcohol consumption during pregnancy
short stature
poor attention span
poor motor skills
microcephaly
poor weight gain
Male
low sperm count
poor sperm quality
Solutions
surgical clearing of sperm duct
LH and FSH injections
Contraception
Prevent Fertilisation
sterilisation
vasectomy
tubal ligation
spermicide
condoms
diaphragm
Prevent embryo implantation
intrauterine device
RU 486 - mifepristone
morning after pill
Prevent Ovulation
the pill
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Reproduction
asexual
sexual
Angiosperm Reproduction
Caprel ( Female )
style
stigma
ovary
Stamen ( Male )
anther
filament
Pollination
cross-pollination
self-pollination
Fertilisation
pollen grain lands on stigma
carrie smale gamete into ovule to start fertilisation
Seed formation
zygote divides via mitosis - embryo made of
radical
plumule
cotyledons
rest of ovule made of endosperm tissue
testa
external covering of ovule
Food Security
new crop development
pest resistance
efficient nutrient usage
higher yielding
asexual impact
faster propagation
propagated plants are superior
faster maturation
large quantity at low cost
sexual impact
disease resistance
earlier maturity
vigorous plants
yield
Genetic Engineering
faster production of desired traits
no interspecies barriers
Roundup ready soybeans
Bt Maize
Desired traits
pest tolerance
nutritional enrichment
herbicide resistance
flood tolerance
improved flavour
Polyploid Plants
made by
disturbance in mitosis
colchicine treatment on seed
Advantages
larger flowers
bigger fruits
robust plants
Seed Banks
Kew's Millenium Seed Bank
Swedish International Seed vault
protect against
climate change
species over-exploitation
habitat loss
pollution
Benefits
re-introductioon of endangered species into environment
research of overexploited plants
re-establishment of damaged habitats
Seed Groups
Pulses
source of
minerals
B-vitamins
protein
regulate blood sugar lvls
Nuts
source of energy
monounsaturated + polyunsaturated fatty acids
Vitamin-E
Grains
fibre
B-vitamins + minerals
wish store of starch
Oil Seeds
monounsaturated + polyunsaturated fatty acids
vital Omega-3 fatty acids
Fruit Formation
ovary growth
asexual impact
mutation
grafting
scion
rootstock
sexual impact
cross pollination = variety
self-pollination to cary on traits to next generation
Human Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
secretes ADH
Pituitary Gland
prolactin
adrenocorticotropic hormone
lutenizing stimulating hormone
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
growth hormone
hypersecretion
hyposecretion
acromegaly
thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid Gland
secretes thyroxin
hypothyroidism
myxoedema
cretinism
hyperthyroidism
Homeostasis & Negative Feedback Control
Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans Hormones
alpha cells
beta cells
secretes
insulin
glucagon
Diseases
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 DIabetes
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
aldosterone
cortisol
Adrenal Medulla
adrenalin
Gonads
ovaries
oestrogen
progesterone
testis
testosterone
reproductive organs
gamestes
sex hormones
Reproductive Animal Strategies
Ovipary, Ovovivipary & Vivipary
Ovovivipary
eggs hatch internally
Vivipary
Fertilisation is done internally and eggs dont have a shell
Ovipary
eggs develop outside the body
Amniotic Egg
allantois
amniotic fluid
amnion
albumin
chorion
yolk sack
embryo
shell
External vs Internal Fertilisation
External Fertilisation
in water
Internal Fertilisation
in terrestraial vertebrates
no external water for sperm to swim in
sperm released directly into female body
seminal fluid and mucous membrane
Precocial & Altricial Development
Precocial Development
born almost fully developed
parental expenditure to prenatal development
female less involved post-birth
longer gestation period
immediately active
more yolk in egg
mother for thermoregulation
longer incubation stage
Altricial Development
not born well developed
parental expenditure to postnatal development
cannot move immediately
smaller egg
rely on parents for
warmth
food
transport
less yolk
Courtship
Simple
visual
auditory stimuli
chemical
Complex
females favour males who are
more elaborate physical features
more energy in courtship activity
larger
Parental Care
pre-natal
post-natal
female responsible for
incubation
gestation
guard egg's
lactation
laying egg's
feeding
Evolution
Origin of Evolution Theory
Fundamental Aspects of Evolution
Hominid Studies
Present Evolution
Life at a Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Level
Chromosomes and Meiosis
Chromosomes
paternal
maternal
DNA replication
Meiosis
Reduction
Prophase
Early Prophase 1
Late Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Copying
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Late Prophase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis
Abnormal Meisois
aneuploidy
trisomy
monosomy
Disabilities
Klinefelter Syndrome
Cause
non disjunction of sex chromosomes
male has XXY
47 total chromosomes
Characteristics
infertility
poor secondary sexual characteristic development
small testes
learning difficulty
male phenotype
Down Syndrome
Cause
non-disjunction of chromosome 21
3 copies of chromosome 21
age
Diagnosis
Aminocentesis
Karyotype
Characteristics
short stature
intellectual disability
large tounge
slanted eyes
Crossing Over
late Prophase 1
paired via synapsis
chismata
Genetic Counselling
Aminocertesis
Foetal cell analysis
Genetics and Genetic Engineering
Genes
Alleles
Mendel's Law of
Dominance
Independent Assortment
Segregation
Test Crossing
heterozygous
homozygous
Sex Chromosomes
monohybrid inheritance
Y chromosome
X chromosome
Sex-linked Allele
Sex Linked Diseases
diabetes insipidus
red-green colour blindness
cleft palate
haemophilia
muscular dystrophy
Polygenic Inheritance
Gene Mutations
Somatic Mutations
Gametic Mutations
Beneficial Mutations
Harmful Mutations
Albanism
Single Necleotide Polymorphisms
Genome
Human Genome Project
Apo-E Gene
LDR receptor Gene
BRCA 2 Gene
Genetic Modification
Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy
direct delivery
cell-based delivery
Genetic Counselling
Cloning
Embryonic Nuclear Transfer
Non-embryonic nuclear transfer
Pedigree Diagram's
DNA - Code of Life
nucleic acids
deoxyribonuclic acid
double helix
nucleotides
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine
Cytosine
pyrimidines
purines
Non-coding DNA
exons
introns
ribonucleic acid
single strand + ribose sugar
nitrogenous bases
adenine
cytosine
guanine
uracil
Mitochondrial DNA
Protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
Gene Mutations
insertion
deletion
substitution
DNA Technology
DNA profiling
paternity testing
medical diagnosis
forensics
fighting illegal trading
Disadvantages
manipulation
possible errors
privacy concerns
Environmental Studies
Population and Community Ecology
Limiting Factors
regulate population growth
density dependant factors
build up environmental resistance
density independant factors
physical factors
catostraphic factors
Stable & Unstable Populations
stable
numbers decrease when exceeding carrying capacity
unstable
develops after exceeding carrying capacity
Predator-Prey Relationships
predation
regulating abundance of prey
keep prey genetically fit
increasing biodiversity
food for scavengers
Food Webs
scavengers
producers
herbivores
decomposers
carnivores
Competition
intraspecific competition
interspecific competition
ecological niche
competitive co-existence
resource partitioning
competitive exclusion
specialisation
Ecological Succession
primary succession
secondary succession
stages in succession
Intermediate species stage
adds structural complexity to species
greater variety and number of organisms can inhibit the area
Climax community
everything is in a state of transition
factors influencing end-point
rainfalll
overgrazing
draining wetlands
climate change
invasive alien species
Pioneer species stage
Lichens
Annuals
Purpose
stabilise + build-up soil
alter amount of light available
Characteristics
establish rapidly
dispersible spores/seeds
hardy
do not grow in shade
Social Organisation
structure of relationships in a group
benefits
protect resources
regulate population size
find mates
divide labour
confusion and distraction effect
dilution effect
eusocial
Human Population Dynamics
Reasons for death
starvation + disease
infant morality
Reasons for population growth
reduced environmental resistance
increased region carrying capacity
Population Pyramid
composition of age + sex of population
pre-reproductive
post-reproductive
reproductive
items that can off set the graph
young immigrants
Wars
HIV / AIDS
Economic crisis
Hormones in Sport
Growth Hormone
Anabolic Steroids
Adrenalin & Cortisol