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SPEECH ACT THEORY - Analytical philosophy - Coggle Diagram
SPEECH ACT THEORY - Analytical philosophy
CONTEXT
we talk about the fact that every time we communicate, we want to show the interlocutor our
point of view
literal meaning >
DENOTATION
sense > what we want to
COMMUNICATE
we have to deal with language on the basis of
grammar-based
> if the language is grammatically correct
true vs false
> if what we are saying is true or false; what we say has to be contextually correct, we must explain it
SPEECH ACT THEORY
SPEECH ACTS
> the actions performed in saying something
the action performed when an utterance is produced can be analyzed on
three levels
LOCUTIONARY LEVEL
LOCUTIONARY ACT > the act of saying something;
literal meaning
(what is said) > providing pieces of information (type of meaning that we rarely process)
ILLOCUTIONARY LEVEL (FORCE)
ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE > the specific purpose that the speaker has in mind >
communicative intention
> what you want to communicate revealing your intention and the idea you want to communicate about how you feel (what is meant)
PERLOCUTIONARY LEVEL (EFFECT)
PERLOCUTIONARY EFFECT > the effect on the hearer, the hearer's reaction > pragmatic effect, the
intended effect to be produced on the receiver
> you think about a reaction of your interlocutor > this is what communication is based on
two possible
effects
physical
> is to stand up and do something
psychological
> is to develop a feeling/emotion as a reaction of what you have said
OBSERVATIONS
ILLOCUTION
illocutionary POINT > the propositional content, the one closer to the meaning, what you want to say (intended meaning)
illocutionary FORCE > the degree of commitment (strength, intensity, impact, emphasis)
PERLOCUTION
perlocutionary "physical" > "Stop, please!"
perlocutionary "psychological" > "Shame on you!"
DIFFERENT SPEECH ACTS
REPRESENTATIVE ACTS
> by which the speaker explains something that he believes to be true, his own interpretation of reality (verbs: to describe, to claim, to insist, to predict, to think)
COMMISSIVE ACTS
> acts which express the intention of performing action in the future (verbs: to promise, to offer, to threat, to refuse, to volunteer)
DIRECTIVE ACTS
> they have the purpose of making the hearer do something (verbs: to order, to suggest, to command, to invite, to request, to forbid)
EXPRESSIVE ACTS
> acts which state what the speaker feels; they manifest psychological states in relation to social circumstances: the speaker expresses his feelings in a given content in respect of what's around (verbs: to apologize, to congratulate, to regret, to be sorry)
DECLARATIVE ACTS
> expressions that change the state of things (verbs: to declare, to resign, to pronounce, to baptize)