Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Endeavour Sports High School - Modern - Russia, Trotsky was seen as…

- - - - Rapid growth of heavy industry
      - Build large scale state run industrial farms
      - Stregthen military production
      - Methods
        
        Central planning with strict production targets
        
        Progerganda: Stakhanovite movement
        
        Harsh punishment for faliure
      - Results
        
        Major increase in industrial output
        
        New industrial centres such as Magnitogorsk were developed
        
        Heavy industry expanded significantly
      - Impact on society
        
        Workers faced intense pressure to meet targets
        
        Trade unions lost much of their protective role
        
        Queues, shortages and poor-quality goods remained common
    - - Stalin’s policy of forcing peasants to join large collective farms called kolkhozy. Private farming was largely abolished and agriculture was brought under state control. Summery
        
        Increased state control of agriculture.
        
        Provided grain and funds for industrialisation.
        
        Supported the Five-Year Plans through grain exports.
        
        Increased the urban workforce by moving peasants into industry.
        
        Reduced agricultural output in the short term.
        
        Caused famine and major livestock losses.
        
        Weakened agriculture overall despite aiding industrial growth.
      - Reasons for collectivsation
        
        Increase grain supplies for the cities.
        
        Obtain grain exports to help fund industrialisation.
        
        End peasant independence and strengthen state control.
        
        Eliminate the kulaks (wealthier peasants), who were blamed for grain shortages.
        
        Support rapid industrial growth through agricultural surplus
      - How was it carried out?
        
        Communist officials seized grain
        
        In 1930 Stalin ordered the “liquidation of the kulaks as a class.”
        
        Land, livestock and property was confiscated
      - Peasant resistance
        
        Attacked officials and activists.
        
        Burned crops and damaged equipment.
        
        Slaughtered millions of animals rather than surrender them to collectives
  - - - Power concentrated in the Politburo and ultimately in Stalin himself
      - No legal opposition
      - Elections lacked genuine choice
      - One-party state dominated by Stalin
    - - Extensive secret police surveillance
      - Censorship and propaganda
      - Stalin's cult of personality
      - State control over education, culture and the economy
      - Suppression of dissent through arrest, exile and terror
    - - Lenin had created the foundations of a centralised one-party state, but Stalin transformed it into a far more personal and totalitarian dictatorship by the late 1920s and 1930s
  - - - Stalin increased the power and reach of the Communist Party during the 1930s
      - Through purges, he removed opponents and ensured that Party members were loyal to him personally
      - Control over appointments and promotions allowed Stalin to dominate the Party apparatus across the Soviet Union
      - The elimination of rivals helped create a bureaucracy dependent on Stalin, contributing to the growth of his authority and the development of the cult of personality
    - - Stalin expanded the Communist Party’s use of purges to remove real and suspected opponents
      - After Sergei Kirov’s murder in 1934, Stalin introduced laws that made Party members vulnerable to arrest and punishment
      - The Great Terror (Ezhovschina) from 1937 created a climate of fear, denunciation and mass persecution across the Soviet Union.
      - Terror destroyed old loyalties to family, church and friends and forced obedience to the state.
      - The purges strengthened Stalin’s personal power and helped create the cult of personality around him
    - - Stalin staged public trials against former Bolshevik leaders to eliminate rivals and intimidate the Party
      - Leaders such as Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov were accused of fabricated crimes, forced to confess and executed
    - - Stalin's Cult of Personality
        
        Stalin was presented as an almost god-like leader and the source of Soviet success
        
        Propaganda portrayed Stalin as the “Granite Bolshevik,” “Shining Sun of Humanity,” and “Man of Steel,” emphasising his strength and wisdom
        
        Credited with the successes of industrialisation, collectivisation and the transformation of the USSR, despite these policies causing widespread suffering
        
        Glorified through: plays, novels, poems, paintings and public celebrations, ensuring citizens viewed him as the essential figure behind Soviet greatness
        
        The cult of Stalin reinforced his political control by presenting loyalty to Stalin as loyalty to the Soviet state
      - Stalin's Falsification of Photographs
        
        Stalin controlled information by censoring criticism of the government and removing evidence that challenged his authority
        
        Photographs were altered to remove political enemies who had fallen out of favour, allowing Stalin to rewrite history
        
        Artists were instructed to portray Stalin as closely connected to Lenin, exaggerating his role in the Bolshevik Revolution despite his limited influence before 1922
        
        This manipulation of media and culture ensured Stalin appeared as the rightful successor to Lenin and maintained public support for his dictatorship
  - - - Stalin introduced “Stalinist conservatism”, replacing the experimentation and social freedoms of the 1920s with discipline, conformity and state control
      - Society was reshaped around the idea that individuals existed to serve the collective goals of the state
      - Traditional values were restored to support industrialisation, population growth and political stability
    - - Law on Religious Associations (1929)
      - The state attempted to reduce religious influence. Religious groups were prevented from: conducting education, owning property and worshipping only in registered buildings
      - Religious leaders were targeted, and many places of worship were closed
      - Religion was weakened as the Communist Party promoted atheism and loyalty to the state
    - - Education Law (1935)
      - Education became focused on technical skills (industrialisation) and political education (loyalty to the Communist Party)
      - Campaigns to reduce illiteracy (Likbez) continued to create a skilled workforce
    - - The state promoted the traditional nuclear family as a source of social stability
      - Divorce became more difficult and expensive & abortion was restricted and banned in 1936
      - Women were encouraged to enter the workforce to support industrialisation, while state services such as crèches and nurseries supported working mothers
      - Large families were encouraged through state payments to increase population growth
      - Homosexuality was criminalised in 1933–34, reflecting Stalin’s conservative social values
    - - Art had to be: realistic, idealistic and supportive of Stalin
      - Artists were expected to glorify industrial workers, collective farmers and Stalin's leadership
    - - Entertainment was used to promote Soviet values and create the image of a successful socialist society.
      - Cinema, theatre and music were controlled by the state but also used to provide approved forms of leisure.
      - Jazz and popular films became part of Soviet culture when they supported positive images of socialism.
      - The slogan “Life has become more joyful” (1935) promoted the idea that Stalin’s policies had created prosperity and happiness
    - - Architecture shifted from experimental designs of the 1920s to Stalinist Classicism, emphasising: grandeur, power and state achievement
      - Buildings and public spaces were designed to inspire loyalty and demonstrate Soviet success.
      - The Moscow Metro was presented as a symbol of socialist progress and was described as a “palace for the people.”
- - - - the power struggle between, Stalin, Trotsky and leading Bolshevik figures in the 1920s.