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Perception - Coggle Diagram
Perception
Gestalt principles (whole is greater than the sum of its parts)
Figure-ground (separating object from bg)
Proximity (objects close to each other are perceived as a group)
Similarity (similar elements are grouped together)
Continuity (lines and patterns are perceived as continuing in space)
Closure (incomplete figures are perceived as complete)
Symmetry (symmetrical objects are perceived collectively)
Common fate (Elements moving in the same direction are grouped)
Visual illusions
Muller- Lyer
Horizontal-vertical illusion
Poggendorff illusion
2 major theories
Gregory's constructivist theory (top-down processing)
Key Idea:
Perception is an active, constructive process.
Richard Gregory (1970)
Mechanism
: Uses prior knowledge, memories, and experiences to interpret ambiguous sensory information.
Concepts
Perception is a hypothesis
Uses top-down processing: existing knowledge guides perception
Perception involves unconscious inferences (Helmholtz's likelihood principle)
Criticisms
Underestimation of Sensory Input: Richness of real-world stimuli is overlooked.
Nature of hypothesis: how are hypothesis formed and changed?
Perceptual Development: How do newborns perceive without prior experience?
Gibson's direct theory (bottom-up processing)/ ecological theory of perception
Key Idea
: Perception is direct and does not require cognitive inference.
James Gibson (1966)
Mechanism
: Perception is driven by information in the optic array (patterns of light reaching the eye).
Concepts
Optic Array: Contains all necessary information for perception.
Invariants: Unchanging aspects of the environment (e.g., texture gradient, horizon ratio).
Affordances: Action possibilities offered by objects (e.g., a chair affords sitting).
Features
Emphasizes perception in real-world conditions.
Explains how perception is fast and effective for survival.
Criticisms
Fails to explain visual illusions (e.g., overestimating vertical lines)
Ignores cognitive influences and perceptual errors.
Overemphasizes nature (nativist view) and minimizes learning.
Process by which individuals organize and interpret sensory input to give it meaning
Features of perception
Selective (we focus on whats important)
Organizational (the brain organizes sensory input into coherent wholes)
Interpretive (assigning meaning to sensory input)
Subjective (Influenced by personal experiences, exceptions and context)
Depth perception
Ability to perceive the world in 3D
Cues
Binocular
Retinal disparity
Convergence
Monocular
Relative size
Interpostion
Linear perspective (Parallel lines appear to converge with distance.)
Texture gradient
Shadow and light
Shadow and light
Motion parallax (Objects closer move faster across the visual field than distant objects.)
Size constancy:
is the perceptual stability of object size despite changes in the distance or size of the retinal image.
Depth cues
Experience and expectation
Contextual interpretation