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DESIGNING FOR EXREME, (Producing microchips, Crystalline silicon),…

- - - - Blood Circulation
      - Blood Pressure
    - - Vaccinations
      - Infection Risk
    - - Artificial daylight(satellites equipped with reflective surfaces to redirect sunlight.
      - Circadian rhythm.
  - - - Extreme External Temperatures
        
        Direct Sunlight
        
        Shadow makes very cold conditions
        
        no atmosphere to regulate temperature
    - - Human body produce metabolic heat
      - 200 people-significant heat generation
      - Heat production from medical/electrical equipment
      - Higher risk of overheating during physical activity
- - - - Cargo
      - Modular Energy Components
      - Human
    - - Pre-fabricated
      - 3D-Printed
    - - preferably lightweight
    - - Emergency extraction rovers
    - - Pressurized Garage
      - Automated Washing Station
      - Thermal and Radiation Shielding
  - - - SpaceX's Starship
    - - Orbiting staging hubs & depots
  - - - Existing Applications
        
        SpaceX's Starship (within Moon - Mars radius)
        
        Requirements: distance from earth needs to be considered, placed in Largrange Point
        
        Aldrin Cycler (non-stop interplanetary ferry)
        
        Solar Sail Clippers
      - Visionary Concepts
        
        The Momentum Exchange "Skyhook" relies on Earth's spinning tether
  - - - Tensegrity Web
        
        Pressurized, glass-sphere "Cable Cars", human stay inside and balloons travel following the web network acting as "road"
      - Deployable Pneumatic Transit Tubes (The Space Subway)
        
        Inspired by NASA's inflatable airlock, human can simply slide in these tubes through space between the balloons.
      - Mobile balloons "dancing city"
        
        Emergency facilities are able to travel by themself by make those balloons deloyable. These balloons will be able to merge seamlessly to residential balloon.
- - - - MIRRORS AND HELIOSTATS
      - CONCENTRATED SOLAR RECEIVER
      - HIGH TEMPERATURE WORKING FLUID
    - - STIRLING ENGINE GENERATOR
      - BRAYTON CYCLE GENERATOR
      - HEAT EXCHANGER AND GENERATOR
    - - GREENHOUSE HEATING
      - HABITAT AND WATER HEATING
  - - - HIGH EFFICIENCY PV CELLS
      - SOLAR TRACKING TOOL
      - FOLDABLE ARRAY
    - - ROBOTIC INSTALLATION
      - Modular and replaceable panel strings
      - Regolith anchors or ballasted foundations
    - - ROBOTIC CLEANING AND INSPECTION
      - USING DUST RESISTANCE MATERIAL FOR THE SURFACE
      - RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE CYCLE RESISTANCE TECHNOLOGY
  - - - CONTINUOUS POWER GENERATION
      - PEAK DEMAND POWER GENERATION
      - EMERGENCY POWER GENERATION
    - - LIFE SUPPORT
      - FOOD PRODUCTION
      - LABORATORIES
      - WATER
      - THERMAL CONTROL
      - CONSTRUCTION
      - ROBOTIC
    - - HAVE ENOUGH POWER TO SUPPORT AT LEAST 200 PEOPLE
      - NO POINT OF POWER GENERATE FAILURE
        
        BACK UP POWER GENERATION
        
        MAINTAINANCE TEAM
      - EXPANDABLE ENERGY GENERATION CAPACITY
  - - - REMOTE REACTOR ZONE
      - Link Title
  - - - Nasa Habitat Unit Explore
        
        Functional Net Volume 37 m^3
      - Minimum Functional Volume
      - Another NASA study for NHV
    - - Fission Surface Power
- - - - https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-physics/chapter/6-2-centripetal-acceleration/
      - https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20070001008/downloads/20070001008.pdf
      - How much rotation (RPM) can human's live with?
        
        https://nss.org/wp-content/uploads/Space-Settlement-Population-Rotation-Tolerance-Globus.pdf
        
        Maximum RPM of 4-6 for longterm, <2 ideal
        
        Example:
        when a=9.8m/s2 and r=200m, rpm = 2.11
        
        when a=0.7G=6.86m/s2 and r=100m rpm= 2.5
        
        RPM = 30*(angular velocity)/pi
    - - Problem with fuel
      - where would it travel?
  - - - Areas that need gravity
        
        Living areas
        
        Sleeping?
        
        Excercise areas
        
        Medical/health
        
        Some recreation areas
        
        Work areas
      - Not required
        
        Storage
        
        Services (e.g water, oxygen, energy)
        
        Docking
        
        Some labs
- - - - Splitting water into Hydrogen and Oxygen using solar energy (https://gtep.technion.ac.il/researchers-split-water-into-hydrogen-and-oxygen-using-solar-energy/)
        
        Benefits:
        
        Long-term energy storage System
        
        Produces water
        
        Oxygen can also support life support systems
  - - - Used alongside batteries (store relatively less energy compared to batteries)- can help extend life pf a battery
        
        Used for emergency power- Instantly provides electricity if the main power shuts off
        
        Quick bursts of power for a short amount of time- can be used on airlocks to power doors that needs quick bursts of electricity. OR can be used on robotic equipment for short bursts of high power
- - - - Insects as protein source
      - Pollination
      - Bees / alternative pollinators
      - Fish in aquaponics
      - Small organisms for ecosystem balance
      - Animal waste → plant nutrients
    - - Human waste
      - Hygiene
      - Physical health
      - Mental health
      - Interaction with habitat ecosystem
  - - - Break down human waste
      - Wastewater treatment
      - Nutrient recycling
      - Soil improvement
    - - Decomposition
      - Recycling organic waste
      - Potential food source
      - Mycelium
  - - - Can be grown inside a controlled space habitat using hydroponic or aeroponic systems instead of normal soil. The plants can receive water and nutrients through a recycling system, while LED grow lights provide the light needed for photosynthesis. These crops can provide astronauts with fresh food while also helping absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, contributing to a more self-sustaining habitat. https://www.nasa.gov/exploration-research-and-technology/growing-plants-in-space/
        
        Lettuce
        
        Potatoes
        
        Tomatoes
        
        Wheat
        
        Radishes
  - - - A bioregenerative habitat uses plants and microorganisms to recover resources from waste. Instead of continuously supplying food, nutrients and other resources from Earth, biological processes allow some waste products to be converted back into useful resources.
    - - A microbial bioreactor is a controlled chamber containing microorganisms such as bacteria. The microorganisms break down organic material and help convert waste into compounds that can be reused within the habitat.
      - HOW IT WORKS
        
        INPUTS
        
        Food waste
        
        Inedible plant material
        
        Organic waste
        
        Nutrient-rich wastewater
        
        Nitrogen-containing waste
        
        Waste is collected and prepared for biological treatment.
        
        Waste enters the bioreactor chamber.
        
        Microorganisms break down organic compounds.
        
        Different bacteria can convert nitrogen-containing compounds into more useful forms.
        
        Nutrients are recovered from the processed material.
        
        Recovered nutrients can be sent to the plant-growth system.
        
        Remaining material requiring further treatment is separated.
    - - Nitrifying Bacteria:
        Nitrifying microorganisms convert nitrogen compounds into nitrate, which is a form of nitrogen that plants can use.
        Waste-Degrading Microorganisms:
        These organisms break down organic material such as food and plant residues, helping recover nutrients that would otherwise remain waste.
        
        Main Components
        
        Bioreactor vessel
        
        Waste inlet
        
        Mixing system
        
        Aeration/oxygen system
        
        Pumps
        
        Temperature control
        
        pH control
        
        Gas outlet
        
        Liquid outlet
        
        Sensors
        
        Automatic controller
- - - - Low Earth Orbit
      - Polar Orbit
      - Sun Sync Orbit
      - Medium Earth Orbit
      - Highly Eccentric Orbit
      - Geostationary Orbit
  - - - Types of Radiation
        
        Alpha
        
        Beta
        
        Gamma
        
        X-Ray
        
        Protons / Electrons / Neutrons
        
        Heavy Ions
      - Effects of Magnetic Feilds
        
        Magnetic Sheilding
        
        Planetary Radiation Belt
    - - Debris Maps
      - Mitigation Statergies
      - Size and Categories
    - - Earth Orbit - Instant
      - Moon Orbit - 2-3 Seconds
      - Sun - 8 Minutes
      - Other Plantes - Depends on relative postion
  - - - Stability of Lunar Orbits
      - Effects of no Atmosphere & low Gravity
      - Benefits from Proximity to Earth
        
        Re Supply
        
        Duration to reach Moon?
        
        Lunar Habitat
        
        Quick Communication
    - - Extreme Extreme Conditions
        
        Heat
        
        Radiation
        
        Solar Flares
        
        Can they be predicted
        
        How high do they go, will they reach orbit
    - - CO2 Atmospere
        
        Possible to Survive Low orboit
        
        Tempurature
        
        Atmospheric pressure?
        
        Harness CO2 for Oxygen
    - - Rings
      - Moons
        
        Alternative Orbits
        
        Potential to extract resourses
        
        TITAN
        
        Liquid Methane & Ethane
- - - - low density and high strength
      - Aluminum alloys
        
        Aluminum - lithium alloys have 10% or more weight saving
        
        Uses friction stir welding which does not require inert shielding gas or filler material. Additionally friction stir welding produces welds with less defects and higher weld joint strength
    - - Carbon
      - Anodized
      - Stainless
    - - Kevlar
        
        Protection against space debri, also heat resistant
      - Ceramic Blanket
        
        Thermal protection
      - Temperature regulating materials
        
        Coating
        
        MIL-C-5541 (Mainly to resist corrosion during launch)
        
        hexavalent chromate (Environmental issues due to toxicity)
        
        https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20160013391/downloads/20160013391.pdf
        
        Non-Coating
        
        Ceramic Blanket
        
        Kevlar
        
        Mirrors
        
        Aluminized Mylar
        
        Berylium
      - Lunacrete
      - Astrocrete
        
        regolith
        
        human serum albumin
        
        Serum found in human blood
        
        Also by adding urea which comes from urine tears or sweat the compressive strength goes from 25 MPa to 40 Mpa with base concrete having a strength of 20 - 32 MPa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunarcrete
      - Producing concrete
        
        By using regolith as an aggregate concrete can be made. However currently the use of concrete is hypothetical due to its weight.
        
        A hypothetical addition to a space station made by Nasa for the use of creating lunarcrete
        https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930007707/downloads/19930007707.pdf
      - Nylon
      - Processes to strengthen materials
        
        Anodizing
      - T
        
        Producing materials in space
        
        Crystals being made
        
        The environment allows for growth of larger higher quality crystals
        
        3D - Printing can be used for onsite expansion
      - Radiation protection
        
        Boron nitride nanotubes
        
        Tiny nanotubes made out of carbon, boron and nitrogen with hydrogen dispersed into the empty spaces between the tubes. Because of their high hydrogen content they are ideal for protecting against cosmic radiation. NASA tests have proved that BNNTs can be woven into a yarn which would be ideal for space suits, and possible with an interwoven stitch. BNNTs and carbon nanotubes have a tensile strength ~100 times stronger than steel and ~50 times stronger than industrial carbon fibre.
        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319924000703
        
        Another perk is BNNTs can withstand up to 900 C
    - - Can be deformed whilst cold, however when heated returns to its original or taught form
- - - - air ducts - distribute air throughout the habitat
      - airflow sensors - monitor whether area is moving throughout the habitat
      - ventilation fans - forces air to move around the habitat
    - - Trace Contaminant Control Subsystem
        remove trace contaminants (produced via human metabolism, chemicals from materials and equipments, off-gassing, etc) through 3 seperate units:
        
        an activated charcoal bed
        
        a catalytic oxidizer
        
        a lithium hydroxide bed
      - Major Constituent Analyzer
        provide critical monitoring of six major atmospheric gases: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
      - Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly
        a system that absorbs carbon dioxide then
        
        venting it to outer space
        
        sending it through a system called Sabatier reactor to make water (combined with hydrogen from the oxygen generation system).
        
        https://www.comsol.com/story/designing-next-generation-co2-removal-technology-for-better-life-in-space-131721
    - - Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) composed of the cell stack that breaks apart water provided by the Water Recovery System, resulting in oxygen and hydrogen
      - Power Supply Module provides the power needed by the OGA to electrolyze the water
      - requirements
        
        "One person needs about 1.83 pounds of oxygen per day"
        https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/g-583661_smith_cs20.pdf?emrc=8a7e84
        
        1.83 lbs/person/day = 0.83 kg/person/day
        
        200 people = approx. 166 kg/day
    - - Passive
        
        Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) - insulation blanket that prevent excessive heat transfer
        
        Radiator - a cooling device that reject unwanted heat
      - Active
        
        Fluid Loop - a liquid coolant that collect and move internal heat
        
        Electrical Heater
  - - - water recovery system (water recyling) https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/iss-research/nasa-achieves-water-recovery-milestone-on-international-space-station/
        
        wastewater & moisture (from breath and sweat, captured using advanced humidifiers)
        
        treated using "Water Processor Assembly (WPA)
        
        sent through a series of multi-filtration beds that breaks down any trace contaminants
        
        followed by a chemical process called catalytic oxidation that break down the remaining organic compounds
        
        the water purity is checked by electrical conductivity sensors
        
        iodine is added to the clean/"acceptable" water to prevent microbial growth
        
        sent to storage tank
        
        unacceptable quality of water will be reprocessed
        
        urine
        
        urine brine
        
        will be processed using the Brine Processor Assembly (BPA)
        
        runs the urine brine through a special membrane technology
        
        blow warm, dry air over the brine to evaporate the water
        
        the evaporated water then turns into water vapour where it will be collected
        
        the water will be sent through the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) for treatment
        
        sent through Urine Processor Assembly (UPA) to recover water from urine using vacuum distillation
        
        the process produces water and a urine brine (containing some reclaimable water)
        
        the water will be sent through the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) for treatment
      - water distribution system - using pumps, pipes and valves to transport treated water from storage tanks to different areas of the habitat
      - water storage system
        
        potable water storage
        
        wastewater storage
        
        emergency reserve
  - - - daily diet designed for a 70-kg person (should be adjusted accordingly)
        
        protein
        
        1.2-1.8 g/kg of body mass
        
        ratio of animal:vegetable protein no
        higher than 60:40
        
        carbohydrate
        
        45-65% of total daily energy intake
        
        dietary fiber intake: 38 g for men, and 25 g for women
        
        fat - 20-35% of the total daily energy intake
        
        vitamins
        
        A - 900 μg RE for men and 700 μg RE for women
        
        B6 - 1.3 mg
        
        B12 - 2.4 μg
        
        C - 125 mg for men and 110 mg for women
        
        D - 25 μg
        
        E - 15 mg TE
        
        K - 120 μg for men and 90 μg for women
        
        Biotin - 30 μg
        
        Choline - 550 mg for men and 425 mg for women
        
        Folate 400 μg DFE
        
        Niacin - 16 mg NE for men and 14 mg NE women
        
        Pantothenic Acid - 5 mg
        
        Riboflavin - 1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women
        
        Thiamin - 1.2 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women
        
        .
        
        minerals
        
        Calcium - 1000-1200 mg
        
        Phosphorus - 700 mg
        
        Magnesium - 420 mg for men and 320 mg for women
        
        Sodium - 1500-2300 mg
        
        Chloride - 2300 mg
        
        Potassium - 3400 mg for men and 2600 mg for women
        
        Iron - 8 mg
        
        Copper - 900 μg/d
        
        Manganese - 2.3 mg for men and 1.8 mg for women
        
        Fluoride - 4 mg for men and 3 mg for women
        
        Zinc - 11 mg for men and 8 mg for women
        
        Selenium - 55 μg
        
        Iodine - 150 μg
        
        Chromium - 35 μg for men and 25 μg for women
        
        Molybdenum - 45 μg
        
        water #
      - daily required energy intake
        
        men 19+ years: 622 − (9.53 × age) + 1.11 × [(15.9 × body mass) + (539.6 × height)]
        
        women 19+ years: 354 − (6.91 × age) + 1.11 × [(9.36 × body mass) + (726 × height)]
    - - packaged food
        
        ready-to-eat consumables
        
        freeze-dried/dehydrated meals
        
        irradiated food
      - shelf-stable foods
      - emergency food reserve
    - - water dispenser that rehydrate food with hot or cold water
      - food warmer for heating up prepared foods
- - - - pre installed -
        -structure
        -insulation
        -internal finishes
        -plumbing
        -electrical
        -furniture
      - transport vessel becomes the habitat-less waste
        
        rocket body space can also be utilised as a space
      - central hub with connecting pods.
        
        differrnt pods for differnt functions
      - shape?
        
        speheres/domes for distributing pressure
        
        cylindrical modeules like spacecrafts
      - Things to consider
        
        launch mass
        empty volume launches are inefficient
        a launch failure results in the loss of an entire habitat or pod
        structural strength required fro launch unnecessary in orbit
        nest launch shape vs living shape
        
        can astronauts access connection in suits
        
        assembly sequence testing
      - https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swin/detail.action?pq-origsite=primo&docID=3564006
        
        robotic assembly
        
        self locking or automatic connections
        
        design external connections for suit hands
        
        highly choreographed orbital assembly
        
        1launch central command
        2extrablish communication and power
        3structural spine
        4solar panels/energy source
        5robotic assembly system
        6life support amd emergency
        7habitation modules
        8 food production
        9 extra services/ recreational components
        10 shielding and protection
        11 testing throughout
    - - high launch mass
      - could be a form of deployable structure
      - main structure deployed first and then fittings MEP and others fitted later.