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Human Case Studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Rio de Janeiro to Barra da Tijuca
        
        Push Factors:
        
        Quality of life
        
        Crime and social problems
        
        Congestion (link this pollution) and traffic problems
        
        Pull Factors:
        
        Better security (modern apartments with security guards)
        
        Better transport (coastal motorway, easy to commute, efficient public transport)
        
        Flat land for expansion
        
        Higher standard of living
        
        Close to Rio (commuters)
        
        Entertainment and better shopping
        
        Employment Opportunities
        
        Impacts of Migration
        
        Negative
        
        Rio remains overcrowded
        
        Mainly benefits wealthy people
        
        Positive:
        
        Increased employment in services
        
        Better living environments for wealthy people
        
        Growth of residential spaces
        
        Expansion of leisure
  - - - Push Factors:
        
        Lack of entertainment
        
        Improved service delivery has led to a population increase, which farms could not support
        
        Limited services and poor service delivery
        
        Mechanisation of farms reduce labour needs (this is especially common on the sugar estates in north-east Brazil)
        
        Natural Hazards (flooding, droughts)
      - Pull factors:
        
        Better services (and amenities)
        
        More exciting lifestyles
        
        Better jobs and education
        
        Industrialisation
      - Reasons that migration increase (things that ease migration)
        
        Better transport
        
        Ease of information ("advertise" a city lifestyle)
        
        Industries create workers, workers create markets and markets develop business (cumulative causation)
    - - Rural areas
        
        Countryside actually coped really well because population had been growing rapidly and mechanisation had reduced need for workers. The rural services could expand without the stress.
      - Cities
        
        Negative
        
        Growth of Favelas
        
        Built on unsafe land steep slopes and floodplains
        
        Poor living conditions
        
        Pressure on services
        
        Unemployment leads to the growth of the informal economy. This leads to less taxes getting paid. This leads to councils struggling to pay services
        
        Positive:
        
        Growth of major industries such as automotive and aereospace
        
        Increased GDP
        
        Larger labour force that supported industrial growth
      - Magement strategies
        
        Employment creation
        
        Improving public transport
        
        Self help and housing schemes
        
        Housing improvements
        
        Improving the Favelas
        
        Reducing push factors
  - - - Southernmost part of spain
      - Malaga and Granada
      - Loads of tourism
      - Coastal with mountains
      - Important highways
    - - Traffic
      - Pollution
      - High property prices
      - Crowded Urban conditions
      - High crime
- - - - KZN province, Drakensberg mountains. Main settlements are Bergville and Winterton
    - - Subsistence and commercial farming, tourism
    - - Commercial farming areas: nucleated. Subsistence farming areas: dispersed
    - - Disadvantages
        
        Droughts
        
        Torrential summer rain (erosion), hail damage
        
        Winter wind damage
        
        Locusts and insects
      - Advantages
        
        Fertile Volcanic soils
    - - In 2011 there was a net migration of -205400
      - Many of the men migrated to Gauteng
        
        Mining jobs!
        
        When mining employment fails...
        
        rural unemployment
        
        Poverty and food shortages
        
        Workers return home
    - - Gender: 54% female (this reflects the male migration)
      - Growth: increase of 10.1% between 2001 and 2007
      - Education: 38% were uneducated
      - Housing types: 56% traditional housing, 41% formal housing (remaining % is informal)
    - - Challenges
        
        Poor education
        
        Food shortages (insects)
        
        High unemployment and poverty
        
        Soil erosion
        
        Rural isolation
      - Positive developments (yay!)
        
        Improved service delivery (electricity, water, sanitation)
  - - - Background
        
        3rd largest county
        
        15th largest by population
        
        Mainly rural
      - Traditional Economy
        
        Based off agriculture, fishing (and potatoes)
      - Potato Famine (1845)
        
        Potato blight fungus destroyed crops
        
        Effects on Ireland
        
        1 Million deaths and 1 million emigrated
        
        Impacts on County Mayo
        
        90% of the population depended on potatoes, so whole settlements were abandoned, with these abandoned buildings still visible today
      - Counter-urbanisation following potato famine
        
        Why do people move to county Mayo?
        
        Skilled workers working from home
        
        Retired people seeking rural lifestyle
        
        Commuting to Galway
        
        Limits of counter-urbanisation
        
        Rural population still in decline
        
        Most people are staying in the same county
        
        Relocating to dublin
        
        Housing changes
        
        Contrasting landscapes
        
        Many abandoned traditional houses and large modern house
        
        Settlement pattern:
        
        Dispersed settlements due to farming history and small scale farming
        
        Key Issues
        
        Rural depopulation
        
        Poor accesibilty
        
        isolated settlements
        
        Abandoned buildings
        
        Difficult farming conditions
  - - - Capital City (was moved from Almaty to Astana in 1998)
        
        Moving the Capital
        
        Area had many ethnic Russians, they moved the capital to encourage Kazakhs to move there
        
        Risk of earthquakes
        
        Limited room for expansion
        
        Too close to international borders
      - Located on Ishim River
      - Kazahstan gained independence in 1991