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REVISED PENAL CODE (LUIS REYES) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Criminal Law Branch of Municipal Law
      - Sources of PH Criminal Law: RPC Special Penal Laws
      - No Common Law Crimes Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege
      - Constitutional Limitations: Due Process Equal Protection Ex Post Facto Bill of Attainder
      - Characteristics: Generality Territoriality Prospectivity
    - - Scope: Terrestrial Maritime Aerial
      - Exception 1: PH Ship or Airship (US v. Bull)
      - Exception 2: Forging/Counterfeiting Currency or Securities
      - Exception 3: Introduction of Forged Obligations
      - Exception 4: Crimes by Public Officers in Exercise of Functions
      - Exception 5: Crimes Against National Security & Law of Nations (Treason, Espionage, Piracy)
      - French vs English Rule (US v. Look Chaw / US v. Ah Sing)
  - - - Acts or Omissions Punished by RPC
      - Elements: Act/Omission, RPC Punished, Dolo or Culpa
      - Intentional Felonies (Dolo): Freedom, Intelligence, Criminal Intent
      - Culpa (Fault): Freedom, Intelligence, Imprudence or Negligence
      - Mistake of Fact Defense (US v. Ah Chong)
      - Motive vs Intent
    - - Par 1 Intentional Felony & Proximate Cause
        
        El que es causa de la causa es causa del mal causado
        
        Aberratio Ictus (Mistake in blow)
        
        Error in Personae (Mistake in identity - Art 49)
        
        Praeterintentionem (Injurious result exceeds intent - Art 13 Par 3)
        
        Proximate Cause Doctrine (People v. Cagoco)
        
        Efficient Intervening Cause Break
      - Par 2 Impossible Crime
        
        Elements: Act against Person/Property, Evil Intent, Inherently Impossible or Inadequate Means
        
        Inherent Physical Impossibility (Stabbing dead corpse)
        
        Inherent Legal Impossibility (Stealing own property)
        
        Inadequate Means (Insufficient poison)
        
        Ineffectual Means (Empty gun trigger)
        
        Purpose: Punish Criminal Propensity / Dangers
    - - Non-punishable acts deemed proper for suppression
      - Excessive Penalties (Executive Clemency Recommendation)
    - - Iter Criminis: Internal Phase vs External Phase
      - Attempted Stage: Overt act started, no subjective phase completed, cause other than spontaneous desistance
      - Frustrated Stage: All acts performed, felony not produced due to independent cause
      - Consummated Stage: All elements produced
      - Formal Crimes vs Material Crimes
    - - Punished only when Consummated (Except against Persons/Property)
    - - General Rule: Not punishable as independent crimes
      - Exception: Treason, Rebellion, Sedition, Monopolies
      - Conspiracy Doctrine: Act of one is act of all
    - - Grave Felonies: Capital or Afflictive Penalties
      - Less Grave Felonies: Correctional Penalties
      - Light Felonies: Arresto Menor or Fine <= 40,000 pesos
    - - RPC Supplemental to Special Laws (Unless SPL provides otherwise)
  - - - No Crime, No Civil Liability (Except Par 4)
      - Self-Defense: Unlawful Aggression, Reasonable Necessity of Means, Lack of Sufficient Provocation
      - Stand Ground When Right Doctrine
      - Defense of Relatives & Defense of Strangers
      - Avoidance of Greater Evil or Injury (State of Necessity - Civil Liability Exists)
      - Fulfillment of Duty or Lawful Exercise of Right
      - Obedience to Lawful Order of Superior
    - - Crime Committed, No Criminal Liability (Civil Liability Exists except Par 4 and 7)
      - Imbecility (Absolute) vs Insanity (Lucid Interval Exception)
      - RA 9344 Juvenile Justice Amendment: Under 15 Absolute Exemption
      - 15 to 18 Exemption UNLESS Acted with Discernment
      - Accident (Without Fault or Intent)
      - Irresistible Force (Vis Absoluta) vs Uncontrollable Fear (Vis Compulsiva)
      - Insuperable or Lawful Cause
      - Absolutory Causes: Entrapment vs Instigation (People v. Doria)
    - - Reduces Penalty (Ordinary vs Privileged Mitigating)
      - Incomplete Justifying or Exempting (Art 69 Privileged)
      - Under 18 or Over 70 Years Old
      - Praeterintentionem
      - Sufficient Provocation or Immediate Vindication of Grave Offense
      - Passion or Obfuscation
      - Voluntary Surrender & Voluntary Plea of Guilty
      - Physical Defect / Illness
      - Analogous Circumstances
    - - Increases Penalty (Generic, Specific, Qualifying, Inherent)
      - Treachery (Alevosia) - Qualifying in Murder
      - Evident Premeditation
      - Taking Advantage of Public Position
      - Nighttime, Uninhabited Place, Band
      - Recidivism (Par 9) vs Habitual Delinquency (Art 62 Par 5)
        
        Recidivist: Second conviction under same RPC Title at trial time
        
        Habitual Delinquent: 3rd conviction within 10 years for Theft, Robbery, Estafa, Falsification, Serious/Less Serious Physical Injuries
        
        Quasi-Recidivism (Art 160): Re-offending while serving sentence
    - - Relationship: Mitigating in Property; Aggravating in Crimes Against Persons/Chastity
      - Intoxication: Mitigating if Not Habitual/Intentional; Aggravating if Intentional/Habitual
      - Degree of Instruction / Education
  - - - Grave/Less Grave: Principals, Accomplices, Accessories
      - Light Felonies: Principals and Accomplices ONLY
    - - By Direct Participation (Facultas executiva)
      - By Inducement (Command or Price/Reward)
      - By Indispensable Cooperation
    - - Cooperate by previous or simultaneous acts (Despitable cooperation)
    - - Subsequent Knowledge & Participation
      - Profiting or Assisting in Profit
      - Concealing or Destroying Body/Effects of Crime
      - Harboring, Concealing, or Assisting Escape of Principal
    - - Spouse, Ascendants, Descendants, Legitimate/Natural/Adopted Brothers/Sisters
      - Exception: Accessories under Art 19 Par 1 (Profiting from crime)
  - - - Nulla poena sine lege
    - - Favorable to Accused Retroactive Rule
      - Exception: Accused is Habitual Delinquent
    - - Detention for Security, Commitment of Insane, Fines by Administrative Bodies
    - - Principal Penalties: Capital (Death - Suspended under RA 9346)
      - Afflictive: Reclusion Perpetua, Reclusion Temporal, Perpetual/Temporary Disqualification, Prision Mayor
      - Correctional: Prision Correccional, Arresto Mayor, Destierro, Suspension
      - Light Penalties: Arresto Menor, Public Censure
      - Penalties Common: Fine and Bond for Good Behavior
      - Accessory Penalties: Civil Interdiction, Indemnification, Costs
    - - Application to RPC: Max term based on RPC rules; Min term within range of penalty next lower in degree
      - Disqualifications: Death/Life term, Habitual Delinquents, Escaped Convicts, Conditional Pardon Violators, Probationers, Sentence <= 1 year
    - - Suspension of sentence execution
      - Disqualifications: Sentence > 6 years, National Security Crimes, Previous Probation, Serving Sentence
    - - Subsidiary Imprisonment for Inability to Pay Fine (1 day per highest minimum wage)
      - Entitlement & Rules: Not applicable if principal penalty exceeds 6 years
    - - Pardon by Offended Party: Private crimes (Art 344) - Bar to prosecution only if BEFORE filing
      - Executive Clemency (Presidential Pardon): Extinguishes criminal liability; Absolute vs Conditional
- - - - Sources & Characteristics
        
        Sources: RPC Act 3815, Special Penal Laws, Local Ordinances
        
        Generality: Binding on all within PH territory
        
        Exceptions: Treaty, Law of Preferential Application, Public Int Law Ambassadors
        
        Territoriality: Binding within PH territory
        
        Exception: Art 2 Extraterritoriality
        
        Prospectivity: Penal laws look forward
        
        Exception: Art 22 Retroactivity favor accused
      - Construction & Philosophy
        
        Rule of Lenity: Strictly against State, Liberally for Accused
        
        Classical Theory: Free will, Retribution, Penalty proportional to act
        
        Positivist Theory: Determinism, Reformation, Focus on criminal
      - Latin Maxims
        
        Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege: No crime without law
        
        Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea: Act not guilty unless mind guilty
        
        Actus me invito factus non est meus actus: Involuntary act is not my act
        
        El que es causa de la causa es causa del mal causado: Cause of cause is cause of evil
        
        Ignorantia legis neminem excusat: Ignorance of law excuses no one
      - Art 1 Enacting Clause & Title
      - Art 2 Scope & Extraterritoriality
        
        PH Ship or Airship: PH Registry / High seas
        
        Forge Coins or Bank Notes: PH Currency
        
        Public Officers: Offenses in exercise of functions
        
        Crimes vs National Security & Law of Nations: Treason, Espionage, Piracy
        
        Jurisprudence: US v. Bull, US v. Look Chaw, People v. Wong Cheng
    - - Art 3 Felonies Defined
        
        Definition: Acts or omissions punishable by law
        
        Classification by Volition
        
        Dolo Intentional: Freedom, Intelligence, Intent
        
        Culpa Culpable: Freedom, Intelligence, Negligence / Imprudence
        
        Jurisprudence: People v. Ah Chong Mistake of Fact, US v. Go Chico
      - Art 4 Criminal Liability
        
        Par 1 Proximate Cause: Natural & continuous sequence unbroken by efficient cause
        
        Aberratio Ictus: Mistake in blow
        
        Error in Personae: Mistake in identity
        
        Praeterintentionem: Intent different from result
        
        Jurisprudence: People v. Guillen, People v. Cagoco, Bataclan v. Medina
        
        Par 2 Impossible Crime
        
        Elements: Offense vs Persons or Property, Evil intent, Inherent physical/legal impossibility or ineffectual/inadequate means, Not falling under other RPC art
        
        Jurisprudence: Intod v. CA, People v. Jacinto
      - Art 5 Duty of Courts
        
        Unpunished Acts: Report to Executive via Dept of Justice
        
        Excessive Penalties: Submit mitigation request to Executive
      - Art 6 Stages of Execution
        
        Attempted: Commences directly by overt acts, does not perform all acts of execution by reason of cause other than spontaneous desistance
        
        Frustrated: Performs all acts of execution, does not produce felony by reason of cause independent of actor's will
        
        Consummated: All elements necessary for execution and accomplishment are present
        
        Formal Crimes & Material Crimes
        
        Jurisprudence: People v. Valenzuela Theft consummated upon taking
      - Art 7 Light Felonies
        
        Punished only when consummated EXCEPT if against persons or property
      - Art 8 Conspiracy & Proposal
        
        General Rule: Not punishable as independent crimes
        
        Exceptions: Treason, Sedition, Rebellion
        
        Conspiracy as Mode of Liability: Act of one is act of all
      - Art 9 Classification by Gravity
        
        Grave Felonies: Punished by Capital or Afflictive penalties
        
        Less Grave Felonies: Punished by Correctional penalties
        
        Light Felonies: Punished by Arresto Menor or Fine <= 40k
      - Art 10 Offenses under Special Laws
        
        RPC as Supplementary to Special Penal Laws
    - - Art 11 Justifying Circumstances
        
        Self-Defense Par 1: Unlawful aggression, Reasonable necessity of means, Lack of sufficient provocation
        
        Defense of Relatives Par 2: Unlawful aggression, Reasonable necessity, Relative did not give provocation
        
        Defense of Strangers Par 3: Unlawful aggression, Reasonable necessity, Defender not induced by revenge/evil motive
        
        Avoidance of Greater Evil Par 4: State of Necessity, Injury caused not greater than evil avoided
        
        Fulfillment of Duty Par 5: Acted in performance of duty / exercise of right
        
        Obedience to Lawful Order Par 6: Order issued by superior for lawful purpose
        
        Jurisprudence: People v. Ligouri, People v. Luague
      - Art 12 Exempting Circumstances
        
        Imbecility or Insanity Par 1: Absolute deprivation of intelligence
        
        Under Age Par 2-3: RA 9344 / RA 10630 Juvenile Justice Laws
        
        Accident Par 4: Lawful act, Due care, No fault or intent, Injury by mere accident
        
        Irresistible Force Par 5: Physical force, Reduced to mere instrument
        
        Uncontrollable Fear Par 6: Real or imminent evil, Equal or greater than act required
        
        Insuperable Cause Par 7: Lawful cause prevents performance of act
        
        Jurisprudence: People v. Formaran, US v. Caballero
      - Art 13 Mitigating Circumstances
        
        Incomplete Justifying/Exempting Par 1
        
        Under 18 or Over 70 Par 2
        
        No Intent to Commit so Grave a Wrong Par 3: Praeterintentionem
        
        Sufficient Provocation Par 4: Immediate prior to act, Adequate
        
        Vindication of Grave Offense Par 5: Relative/self proximate to act
        
        Passion or Obfuscation Par 6: Legitimate feeling, Producer of loss of self-control
        
        Voluntary Surrender & Plea of Guilt Par 7: Before prosecution presents evidence
        
        Physical Defect Par 8: Blind, Deaf-mute
        
        Illness Par 9: Diminishes willpower
        
        Analogous Circumstances Par 10
      - Art 14 Aggravating Circumstances
        
        Kinds: Generic, Specific, Qualifying, Inherent
        
        Par 9 Recidivism: At time of trial for second crime, convicted by final judgment of crime under same title of RPC
        
        Par 10 Reiteracion / Habituality: Previously punished for equal/greater penalty or two/more lighter penalties
        
        Par 15 Treachery Alevosia: Means/methods to ensure execution without risk from defense
        
        Par 16 Ignominy: Adds disgrace to material injury
        
        Other Factors: Dwelling, Nighttime, Uninhabited Place, Band, Craft/Fraud, Evident Premeditation
        
        Jurisprudence: People v. Pitoc, People v. Parana
      - Art 15 Alternative Circumstances
        
        Relationship: Mitigating or Aggravating depending on crime
        
        Intoxication: Mitigating if not habitual/intentional; Aggravating if habitual or intentional
        
        Degree of Instruction / Education: Low education mitigating except crimes vs nature
    - - Art 16 Persons Liable
        
        Principals, Accomplices, Accessories (Grave & Less Grave)
        
        Principals & Accomplices ONLY (Light Felonies)
      - Art 17 Principals
        
        Direct Participation: Take direct part in execution
        
        Inducement: Directly force or induce others
        
        Indispensable Cooperation: Cooperate by act without which felony would not be done
      - Art 18 Accomplices
        
        Cooperate in execution by previous or simultaneous acts not indispensable
      - Art 19 Accessories
        
        Subsequent participation: Profit/Conceal body or crime/Assist escape of principal
      - Art 20 Exempt Relatives as Accessories
        
        Exempt: Spouses, Ascendants, Descendants, Brothers/Sisters
        
        Exception: Accessories under Art 19 Par 1 profiting by effects of crime
    - - Art 21 No Penalty without Law
      - Art 22 Retroactivity of Penal Laws
        
        Favorable to accused applied retroactively
        
        Exception: Habitual Delinquent Art 62 Par 5
      - Art 25 Scale of Penalties
        
        Principal Penalties
        
        Capital: Death suspended
        
        Afflictive: Reclusion Perpetua, Reclusion Temporal, Prision Mayor
        
        Correctional: Prision Correccional, Arresto Mayor, Destierro
        
        Light: Arresto Menor, Public Censure
        
        Accessory Penalties: Perpetual/Temporary Absolute/Special Disqualification, Civil Interdiction
      - Art 27 Duration of Penalties
        
        Reclusion Perpetua: 20 yrs 1 day to 40 yrs
        
        Reclusion Temporal: 12 yrs 1 day to 20 yrs
        
        Prision Mayor: 6 yrs 1 day to 12 yrs
        
        Prision Correccional: 6 mos 1 day to 6 yrs
        
        Arresto Mayor: 1 mo 1 day to 6 mos
        
        Arresto Menor: 1 day to 30 days
      - Art 39 Subsidiary Penalty
        
        Rules: Subsidiary imprisonment for fine default
        
        Entitlement & Exclusions: Applicable if convict has no property; NOT applicable if principal penalty exceeds 6 yrs imprisonment
      - Pardon Doctrines
        
        Pardon by Offended Party: Private crimes prior to institution bars prosecution; Does not extinguish public criminal action
        
        Executive Clemency Presidential Pardon: Extinguishes criminal liability & principal penalty; Does not restore public office or extinguish civil liability unless expressly stated
      - ISLAW Act 4103 Indeterminate Sentence Law
        
        Application: Fixes minimum and maximum terms
        
        For RPC Crimes: Max = Penalty properly imposed under rules; Min = Within range of penalty 1 degree lower
        
        Disqualified: Sentenced to Death / Reclusion Perpetua, Habitual Delinquents, Escaped convicts, Pardoned violators, Max term <= 1 yr
      - Probation Law PD 968
        
        Application: Suspension of execution of sentence
        
        Qualifications: Sentence <= 6 yrs imprisonment, Applied within period to appeal
        
        Disqualifications: Sentenced > 6 yrs, Crimes vs National Security, Previously probated, Appeal filed before application