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How has palm oil expansion affected orangutan habitat in Sabah, Malaysia?,…

- - - - Habitat loss reduces population density, fragments populations, and limits access to food, nesting sites, and movement corridors.
        
        https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6771663/
    - - Palm oil expansion is happening because of increasing global demand for food and commodities
      - palm oil has high productivity, many uses, creates income, supports rural development, and is an important export industry.
        
        https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
    - - Sabah is a stronghold for Malaysia’s orangutan population.
        
        https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
    - - Orangutans need connected forests to survive and reproduce.
        
        https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
- - - - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6636716
  - - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
      - Who controls it?
        
        The federal government controls the licensing of palm oil plantations and products
        
        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837722003350
        
        https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-021-01286-8
  - - - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-021-01286-8
- - - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
  - - - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6636716/
  - - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
    - - lack of money, poor infrastructure, unclear land rights, lack of knowledge, and limited access to resources.
        
        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016715000662
- - - - Oil palm plantations now cover approximately 15,500 km² of Sabah, replacing large areas of lowland rainforest.
        
        URL https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
  - - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
  - - - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6771663/
      - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-022-00288-w
    - - they have not fully stopped the decline of orangutan populations. Protected areas, habitat restoration, and conservation partnerships have helped maintain some orangutan populations, especially in larger forest areas. However, orangutan populations in areas surrounded by oil palm plantations have continued to decline because habitat remains fragmented and lost.
        
        https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan/bornean-orangutan/
    - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
- - - - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016715000662
  - - - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016715000662
  - - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
      - Palm oil expansion refers to the conversion of forests into oil palm plantations. In Sabah, much of the forest has been cleared for commercial oil palm cultivation over the past two decades.
        
        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016715000662
    - - Deforestation, rainforest destruction, biodiversity loss, and orangutan habitat loss.
        
        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016715000662
        
        What are the social impacts?
        
        land rights issues, poor working conditions, smallholder poverty, and conflicts over land ownership
  - - - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6771663/
- - - - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-022-00288
        
        Research in Sabah found that some populations in interior forests remained stable over 15 years, while populations in eastern Sabah surrounded by oil palm plantations declined.
        
        https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6636716
  - - - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6771663/
    - - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
    - - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-022-00288
  - - - https://www.wwf.org.my/?22325%2FCritically-Endangered-Status-for-Bornean-Orangutan-Underlines-Need-for-Strong-Action
- - - - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31328289/