Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
human reproductive system - Coggle Diagram
human reproductive system
male reproductive system
parts
epididymis
stores inactive sperms from the testes temporarily before they enter the sperm duct
scrotum
outside the main body cavity to keepo testes below body temperature for optimal sperm development
pouch like sac that holds the testes
testis (testes)
produces sperm
produces testosterone (sex hormone) from puberty onwards -> responsible for the development + maintenance of the secondary characteristics in males
sperm duct/vas deferens
carries the sperns from the testis to the urethra
prostate gland
neutralize the acidity in the female reproductive
provide a medium for sperm to swim
activate and nourish sperms
urethra
tube that passses from the bladder through the centre of the penis to outside of the body
provides a common passage for the discharge of semen and urine
penis
an erectile organ that enters the vagina of a woman uring sexual intercourse to deposit semen
gamete
middle piece
contains many mitochondria to provide energy for sperms to swim towards the egg
flagellum
beating movement of the flagellum enables the sperms to swim towards the egg
head
nucleus carries haploid set of chromosome
large nucleus small amount of cytoplasm
acrosome containing enzyme is present-> break down part off the egg membrane to allow sperm to penerate the egg during fertilization
female reproductive system
uterus
site of implantaation of embryo and fetal development
offers protection + stable internal environment for the embryo to develop
inner lining forms part of the placenta-> supply nutrients + oxygen to the fetus and to remove CO2 and nitrogenous waste (like urea) from fetus
muscular wall contracts to expel the fetus at birth
cervix
nerrow end of the uterus that connects the uterus to the cervix
oviduct/fallopian tube
narrow muscular tube leading from ovaries to uterus with a funnel-like opening lying close to the ovaries
transports the ovum to the uterus by beating of the cilia lining the wall of the oviduct
site of fertilisation
vagina
holds the penis during copulation to recieve sperm
the birth canal for the fetus
ovary
produces oestrogen + progesterone (sex hormones) -> responsible for menstrual cycle and maintenance off secondary sexual characteristics in femals
produces the ovum (released when ovum is mature)
ovum
spherical with a large nucleus + containing a haploid set of chromosomes
surrounded by an additional outer membrane
abundant cytoplasm containning a small amount of yolk to provide nutrients for the embryo before implantation
comparison between sperm and ovum
sperm:
structure
head containing nucleus
middle piece containing large amount of mitochondria
flagellum
minimal cytoplasm
very active (uses tail to move towards ovum)
function
to fertilise the ovum
to provide haploid set of chromosomes
relatively small
no. of chromosomes: 23
millions of sperms released each ejaculation
ovum:
spherical with a large nucleus
abundant cytoplasm
cannot move by itself
function
to provide nutrients for the development of embryo before implantation
to provide haploid set of chromosomes
relatively large
no. of chromosomes: 23
usually only one is released every cycle
there's 30 days of menstral cycle, and takes one month just to end it
so the monthly problem of how to track is finding out how to remember it... LIKE MAYBE
day 14
one of the two ovaries release and ovum into oviduct (ovulation)
day 15-28
ovary produces progesterone
stimulates the uterus to maintain the uterine lining->causes it to thicken further and be supplied with blood capillaries, preparing it for implantation of the embryo
inibits ovulation and further develop of ova
oestrogen production decreases
if the ovum is not fertilised, progesterone levels decrease and the uterine lining breaks down (another menstrual cycle begins)
day 6-13
ovary produces oestrogen
oestrogen:stimulates the repair and growth of the uterine lining-> lining becomes thick and cpongy with blood vessels
day 1-5
low level of oestrogen and progesterone-> causes uterine lining to break down (in the form of menstrual blood out of the body through the vagina)
natural variation in the menstrual cycle
on average 21-33 days , av 28days (natural variation)
stress, tiredness, nbalanced diet or malnutritionmay alter or stop the menstrual cycle and cange the interval between periods
fertile and infertile periods of the menstrual cycle
sperms can live about 3-4 days in female repro. system-> sperms released at day 11 may have a chance
fertile period is day 11-16
ovum can survive abt 1-2 days after ovulation
rest of the days of the cycle-> infertile period -> sperms released into the vagina are less likel to fertilise the egg
do you wannna make a babyyyyyy? (4,5,6)
fertilisation
to penetrate te ov, acrosome of sperm releases enzymes to dispers the follicle cells + break down part of the ovum membrane for the sperm to use
only 1 sperm nucleus enters the ovum-> haploid sperm nucleus fuses with the haploid ovum nucleus-> fertilised egg/diploid zygote is formed
ovum released from ovary is usua;y surrounnded b few laers of follicle cells
as soon as the sperm enter ovum, membrane of the ovum changes so no other sperms can enter. remaining sperms eventually die
implantation
the zygote divides by mitosis to form a hollow ball of cells called the embryo
peristaltic movement of the oviduct also helped the zygote move towards the uterus
cilia lining the oviduct sweep the fertilised egg/zygote along the oviduct
takes abt 5 days for the embryo to reach the uterus
developing embryo moves down the uteruys and eventually embeds itself in the uterine lining (implantation)
developmennt of placenta and aniotic sac
tube called umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta
membranne known was amniotic sac or amnion devlops same time as placenta
2, the villi and the uterine lining in whihc the villi are embedded in make up the placenta
membrane encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled space know as the amniotic cavity
after implantation, figer-like projections called villi (containing blood capillaries of the embryo) grow from the embrryo into the uterine lining
the fluid is amniotic fluid
absorbs shock->supports, cushio fetus during development
cannot be compressed->protects fetus agaonst mechaical injury
allows fetus a certain degree of movement + promotes muscular development
lubricates+reduces frictio in the vagina or birth canal during birth
whats a placenta?
allow antibodies to diffuse through mother blood from fetal blood -> protect fetus against certai disease
produces progesterone-> maintains uterine lining in a healthy state durinng pregnancy
perform functionns of nutrition, gaseous exchange + excretion
O2 + nutrients diffuse through the placenta from mom blood to fetus blood
CO2 + urea diffuse through the placenta from fetal blood into mom blood
structure of placenta
fetal part contain numerous finger-like projectios called chorionic villi
increase total SA-V to increase rate of diffusion of substances
chorionic villi surrounnded b y maternal bloodpsaces with blood from arterioles at low pressure
low pressure=sufficient time for efficiennt transfer of nutrients and wate materials between maternal and fetal blood
bllood capillaries are separated from mother's blood by only thin layer of tissue
thin barrier-> exchagne of substances by diffusion occurs differently
maternal and fetal blood are short distance awayy but don't mix
donn't mix to prevent damage to fetus blood vessel cos mom at higher bp. also prevents agglutination if mom and child not compatible blood type
umbilical cord
2 Umbilical Arteries that transporrt deox blood and metabolic waste from fetus to placenta
attaches fetus to placenta
1 ummbilical vein that tramsports oxygenated blood + nutrients to fetus
STD
transmitted through
vaginal fluid
blood
semen
AIDS
caused by HIV
HIV destroys bodys immune system by destroying the lumphocytes
infexted with HIV-> cannot produce sufficient antibodies to protect themselves from other infections
months-years before HIV infection develop into AIDs
HIV
transmission
sexual intercourse
mother to fetus during pregnancy
blood tranfusion with blood from an infect person
sharing of hypodermic needles