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3. HOW TO MAKE GOOD ARGUMENTS, Argument, DISCUSSIONS, Yes for all three,…
3. HOW TO MAKE GOOD ARGUMENTS
Reasonability
Connecting reasons and evidence to your opinions
Allows assesssability
NOT emotive language, rather backing up an argument with evidence
Charity
Be generous in interpreting what is said
Encourages contribution from the opposition - stronger argument for both sides
Prompts the listener to take a look into both sides
Seen as the highest of virtues by many philosophers
Fallibility
Acknowledge limitations and validity
People are more willing to participate if there is no expectation of 'perfection'
Not treating one argument as completely correct
Argument
Do the terms used in the premises have clear meaning?
Is the reasoning free of fallacy?
Are the premises true?
DISCUSSIONS
2. REASONING BADLY AND REASONING WELL
Why can't people reason?
Ignorance or by choice
They don't have the knowledge
Logical reasoning
How do you know it's true
Premises
Conclusion
What do you mean by that?
What difference does it make?
1. USING REASON IN MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS
Questions to ask
Relevant circumstances
Clarification of Beliefs
Consideration of alternate paths
Universal ethics
Test of coherance, integrity and consistency
What to Avoid
Genetic Fallacy
Ad Hominem
"Two wrongs make a right"
'Straw Man' arguments
Ambiguity
Unreliable evidence
Exaggerated Claim
Pathetic Fallacy
A direct appeal to pity/empathy
Making an "ought" from an "is"
Unfair Analogies
Slippery Slopes
Yes
for all three
Argument is true
No
for 1/2/3
Argument is false
Yes
for 1/2
Argument is valid