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5 Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ocean surrounded by land
      - 66.5–90°N
      - Mostly sea ice
      - Sea-ice melt does not raise sea levels
    - - Continent surrounded by ocean
      - 66.5–90°S
      - Land covered by permanent ice
      - Land-ice melt raises sea levels
  - - - Summer: about 10°C
      - Winter: about −40°C
      - Under 500 mm precipitation yearly
    - - Colder than Arctic
      - Summer average: −28°C
      - Winter can reach −90°C
      - Precipitation: 50–200 mm yearly
  - - - Drifting sea ice and icebergs
      - Sea ice expands during winter
      - Treeless tundra and permafrost
      - Mountains on surrounding land
    - - Permanent ice cap up to 4.5 km thick
      - Mountainous continent
      - Almost doubles in size during winter as sea freezes
  - - - Lichens, mosses, grasses and shrubs
      - Small flowers, including Arctic poppies
    - - Mainly lichens and mosses
      - Phytoplankton in surrounding ocean
  - - - Polar bears, reindeer, wolves and Arctic hares
      - Whales, seals, fish and birds
    - - No native land mammals
      - Penguins, seals and whales
      - Depend on sea for food and land for breeding
  - - - Thin, infertile soil
      - Permafrost remains frozen
      - Active layer thaws 20–100 cm in summer
      - Buildings raised on stilts to protect permafrost
    - - Frozen, rocky or sandy
      - Very little organic matter
      - Supports mainly mosses and lichens
  - - - Thick fur or blubber provides insulation
      - Compact bodies and short limbs reduce heat loss
      - White coats provide camouflage
      - Some hibernate or migrate
      - Large hooves help movement and break ice
    - - Small, round shape protects from wind
      - Shallow roots because of permafrost
      - Small leaves reduce water loss
      - Dormant during winter
      - Short 50–60-day growing season
      - Reproduce using runners or bulbs
- - - - Rubbish and abandoned equipment
      - Chemical and sewage pollution
      - Ships and stations disturb wildlife
      - Non-native species may be introduced
    - - Waste, traffic, heat, air and noise pollution
      - Buildings can melt permafrost
      - Most Indigenous activities are traditionally sustainable
    - - Industrial hunting reduced whale populations
      - Whales reproduce slowly, so recovery takes time
      - Some commercial and Indigenous hunting continues
    - - Overfishing reduces fish populations
      - Disrupts food chains
      - Animals can become trapped in fishing lines
      - Patagonian toothfish nearly overfished to extinction
    - - Mining damages tundra habitats
      - Extraction creates pollution
      - Buildings and pipelines melt permafrost
      - Pipelines disrupt reindeer migration
      - Oil spills are difficult to clean in cold environments
    - - Disturbs penguin and seal breeding
      - Tramples vegetation and erodes paths
      - Creates litter, air and water pollution
      - Ships risk collisions, grounding and oil spills
      - Non-native species may alter food webs
      - Slow decomposition means waste remains for longer
- - - - Over 60% of Svalbard protected
      - Nature reserves require permission
      - Strict limits on vehicle use
      - Different zones have different protection levels
    - - Electric snowmobiles
      - Hybrid, silent fishing boats
      - Solar and wind power charge vehicles
      - Most polluting ship fuels banned
    - - Visitors cannot pick flowers or leave litter
      - Equipment rental encouraged
      - Ny-Ålesund visitors must follow a 1.5 km path
      - Cruise ships can only remain briefly
      - Nesting birds must not be disturbed
    - - Visitors contribute through airline tickets
      - Money funds environmental protection
    - - Tourists encouraged to buy local products
      - Creates income and employment
      - Supports crafts and small businesses
    - - Hotels built on stilts to protect permafrost
      - Sustainable wood, insulation and triple glazing used
      - Renewable energy reduces environmental impact
      - Brewery waste produces heating and hot water
    - - Opened in 2008 near Longyearbyen
      - Stores millions of seeds
      - Provides backup after disasters or crop loss