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5 Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Wildfires
      - Disease
      - Invasive species
      - Floods and droughts
      - Climate change
    - - Deforestation and hunting
      - Invasive species
      - Hedgerow removal
      - Water or temperature changes
      - Pesticides, fertilisers and herbicides
      - Land-clearance fires
  - - - Earth has 11 major biomes
      - Distribution mainly depends on climate
    - - Latitude: further from equator = colder
      - Precipitation: low pressure = wetter; high pressure = drier
      - Altitude: higher = colder
      - Continentality: inland areas have greater temperature extremes
      - Ocean currents: warm/cool nearby land
    - - Tropical Rainforest
        
        0–23.5° N/S; South America, Africa and Asia
        
        26–28°C; 2,000 mm rainfall
        
        Dense layered vegetation
        
        Very high biodiversity
        
        Tropical Monsoon Forest
        
        5–30° N/S; India, Central America and SE Asia
        
        700–2,000 mm rainfall; distinct rainy season
        
        Hot summers and warm winters
        
        High biodiversity
        
        Mediterranean
        
        Around 40–45°N; southern Europe and North Africa
        
        Hot, dry summers; mild, wet winters
        
        Around 800 mm rainfall
        
        Scrub, herbs, citrus and olive trees
        
        Deciduous Forest
        
        Around 50°N; Europe and North America
        
        Mild climate; rainfall throughout year
        
        Trees lose leaves during winter
        
        Oak, beech and ash; wide biodiversity
        
        Coniferous Forest
        
        Around 60°N; northern Europe, Canada and Russia
        
        Very cold winters; mild summers
        
        Evergreen pine and spruce
        
        Lower biodiversity than deciduous forests
        
        Savanna Grassland
        
        6 more items...
- - - - World’s largest tropical-hardwood exporter
      - Selective and illegal logging
      - Roads and settlements cause further deforestation
    - - HEP dams flood forests
      - Bakun Dam flooded 700 km² in Sarawak
    - - Tin and iron-ore mining
      - Oil and gas drilling
      - Mines and roads require forest clearance
    - - Second-largest producer
      - Exports over 30% of global palm oil
      - Plantations replace natural rainforest
    - - Rural migration encouraged until 1980
      - Approximately 15,000 hectares cleared
    - - Slash-and-burn clearance
      - Fires can spread uncontrollably
  - - - MTCC certification since 2001
      - 349 companies certified
      - Encourages sustainable logging
    - - Environmental education in schools
      - Partnerships with WWF and UNESCO
      - Explains rainforest value and deforestation impacts
    - - Indigenous land rights recognised
      - Local conservation encouraged
      - Rungus communities earn money through honey and ecotourism
    - - Only suitable trees are felled
      - Felling direction reduces damage
      - Forest surveyed and restored afterwards
    - - Creates local income and educates visitors
      - Local people employed as guides
      - Small groups reduce environmental damage
      - Local materials and sustainable resource use
      - Sungai Yu Reserve works with the Batek community
    - - Development and deforestation restricted
      - Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve
      - Contains one of Malaysia’s last coastal rainforests
      - Attracts over 1.6 million visitors yearly