There are deep uncertainties and widely debated concerns about the social impact of automation – notably its consequences for employment, equality and inclusion. Automation has already taken jobs, stoked divisions and undermined communities. However, the precise picture is much more complicated. Empirical analysis finds firms can, for example, find it easier and more pro1table to deploy the 3Cs for micro-managing workers and intensifying human tasks. Labour becomes controlled like robots rather than being replaced by robots. Even within automated systems, their smooth operation requires human operatives undertaking ‘ghost work’ (usually exploitative), such as cleaning data, training algorithms, overseeing platforms, and tending to uncertain interfaces with society. However, even the higher-skilled jobs can be alienating, undignified and increasingly precarious(TS3.9p167)