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Chapter 20: Blood Vessels - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Arterioles
        
        Smallest arteries
        
        Larger arterioles possess all 3 tunics
        
        Diameter of arterioles controlled by:
        
        Local factors in the tissues
        
        Sympathetic nervous system
      - Elastic Arteries
        
        The largest arteries
        
        Diameters range from 1 cm to 2.5cm
        
        Includes aorta & its major branches
        
        High elastin content dampens surge of blood pressure
      - Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
        
        Lie distal to elastic arteries
        
        Includes most named arteries
        
        Tunica media (muscular part) is thick
    - - Arteries of the Head & Neck
        
        Pairs of arteries supplying head & neck
        
        Common carotid arteries
        
        Branches of subclavian arteries
        
        Vertebral arteries
        
        Ascend through the transverse foramina of vertebra
        
        Subclavian Arteries
        
        Right subclavian artery
        
        Originates from brachiocephalic trunk
        
        Left subclavian artery
        
        Arises as 3rd branch from the aortic arch
        
        Vertebral Arteries
        
        Supply posterior brain
        
        Join to form the basilar artery
        
        Divides into 2 posterior cerebral arteries
        
        Common Carotid Arteries
        
        Located in the anterior triangle of the neck
        
        2 branches of the common carotid artery
        
        External carotid artery
        
        Internal carotid artery
      - Arteries of the Upper Limb
        
        Axillary artery
        
        Becomes the brachial artery at the inferior border of teres major
        
        Brachial artery divides into radial & ulnar artery
      - Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
        
        Renal arteries
        
        Common iliac arteries
      - Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Limbs
        
        Internal iliac arteries
        
        External iliac artery
        
        Femoral artery
  - - - Lungs
        
        Oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves
        
        Gas exchange
      - Small Intestines
        
        Receive digested nutrients
      - Endocrine Glands
        
        Pick up hormones
      - Kidneys
        
        Removal of nitrogenous wastes
    - - Fenestrated Capillaries
        
        Joined by tight junctions & desmosomes
        
        Have pores in their endothelium
        
        Occur where high rates of exchange occur
        
        Small intestine (absorption)
        
        Glomeruli of kidneys (filtration)
        
        Endocrine glands (secretion of hormones)
      - Sinusoids
        
        Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs
        
        Usually fenestrated
        
        Intercellular clefts are wide open
        
        Occur in bone marrow & spleen
        
        Sinusoids have a large diameter & twisted course
      - Continuous Capillaries
        
        Most common type of capillary
        
        Occur in most organs
        
        Tight junctions & desmosomes join epithelial cells
        
        Intercellular clefts:
        
        Gaps of unjoined membranes
        
        Allow small molecules in & out of capillaries
        
        Not fenestrated/porous
    - - Low Permeability Capillaries
        
        Blood-brain barrier
        
        Capillaries have complete tight junctions
        
        No intercellular clefts are present
        
        Vital molecules pass through
        
        Highly selective transport mechanisms
        
        Not a barrier against O2, CO2 & some anesthetics
    - - Anatomy of Capillary Beds
        
        Capillaries are between the arteriole & venule
        
        When arterioles dilate, blood flows from the arteriole through capillaries to the venule
        
        When arterioles constrict, no blood flows through capillaries
        
        Thoroughfare channel is the main channel from arteriole to venule
        
        Precapillary Sphincters
        
        If you close the sphincters, the blood doesn't go through the capillaries & only goes through the thoroughfare channel
        
        In a sympathetic event, body deprioritizes reproductive, digestive & some endocrine
        
        Sphincters close to divert blood away from capillary beds and toward the systems you want to prioritize in a fight/flight event (skeletal muscle)
  - - - Valves in Some Veins
        
        Particularly in limbs
        
        Prevent back flow of blood
        
        Not located in veins of thoracic & abdominal cavities
      - Skeletal Muscle Pump
        
        Muscles press against thin-walled veins
      - Respiratory Pump
        
        Changes in pressures in thoracic & abdominal cavities with ventilation
    - - Veins of the Head & Neck
        
        Dural venous sinuses
        
        Internal jugular veins
        
        External jugular veins
        
        Dural Venous Sinuses
        
        In the superior sagittal sinus, along the longitudinal fissure
        
        Where recycling of cerebrospinal fluid occurs
        
        Internal Jugular Veins
        
        Drain blood from brain
        
        Superiorly it lies lateral to the internal carotid artery
        
        Inferiorly it lies lateral to the common carotid artery
        
        External Jugular Veins
        
        Tributaries drain scalp
        
        Empty into subclavian vein
      - Veins of the Abdomen
        
        Renal veins
        
        Hepatic veins
      - Veins of the Pelvis & Lower Limbs
        
        Deep veins
        
        Superficial veins
        
        Deep Veins
        
        Share the name of the accompanying artery
        
        Superficial Veins
        
        Great Saphenous Vein
        
        Longest vein
        
        Empties into the femoral vein
        
        Small Saphenous Vein
        
        Empties into the popliteal vein
- - - - Ascending Aorta
        
        Arises from the left ventricle
        
        Branches into right & left coronary arteries
      - Aortic Arch
        
        Lies posterior to manubrium
        
        Branches into:
        
        Brachiocephalic trunk
        
        Left common carotid
        
        Left subclavian artery
        Mnemonic: ABCS
      - Descending Aorta
        
        Continues from aortic arch
        
        Thoracic aorta (T5-T12)
        
        Abdominal aorta (ends at L4)
        
        Divides into right & left common iliac arteries
        
        Branch into internal & external iliac arteries
  - - - 2 Capillary Beds
        
        1st capillary bed in stomach & intestines
        
        2nd capillary bed is in liver sinusoids
      - Tributary Veins of the Hepatic Portal Vein
        
        Superior mesenteric vein
        
        Splenic vein
        
        Inferior mesenteric vein