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Feelings of calm during meditation Influence of cerebral cortex on parasympathetic centers in hypothalamus Voluntary sympathetic response Recalling a scary event
Influence of cerebral cortex on parasympathetic centers in hypothalamus
Recalling a scary event
Constipation because of reduced motility of GI tract Dry eyes due to reduced tear formation
Conduct impulses rapidly
Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
Axons are thinly myelinated or non-myelinated
Exceptions: adrenal medulla, sweat glands & most blood vessels are sympathetic
Directs digestion, micturition, defacation Sexual erectile response Penis & clitoris are made of erectile tissue
Penis & clitoris are made of erectile tissue
Release acetylcholine (cholinergic)
Localized effect
Increased heart rate Dry mouth Cold/sweaty skin Dilated pupils Orgasm
Most release norepinephrine (adrenergic)
Influence many organs at once
Interpret this visceral information as hunger, fullness, pain or nausea
Phenomenon of referred pain The affected organ & the region of referred pain are innervated by the same spinal segments
Defecation reflex Micturition reflex
Sensory neurons activate spinal interneurons, which activate preganglionic autonomic neurons
Ex: baroreceptor reflex which regulated blood pressure
Are strictly peripheral reflexes