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Written Language, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
Written Language
Text Types
Letters
Essays
Reports
Instructions
Articles
Notices
Advertisements
Academic texts
News reports
Classroom Applications
Letter writing
Text jigsaw
Sentence chaining
Peer review
Process writing
Text organization activities
Characteristics
More explicit than speech.
Organized and carefully structured.
Permanent record.
Reader is absent.
Requires planning and revision.
Text Patterns
Problem → Solution
Question → Answer
General → Specific
Claim → Counterclaim
Narrative sequence
Writing Process
Planning
Organizing ideas
Drafting
Revising
Editing
Reading Connection
Bottom-up processing
Top-down processing
Prediction
Schema activation
Understanding discourse signals
Discourse Features
Cohesion
Reference
Conjunctions
Lexical cohesion
Coherence
Theme and Rheme
Clause relations
Definition
Written communication organized into coherent texts.
Depends on grammar, vocabulary, cohesion, and discourse structure.
Usually more planned than spoken language.
Speech vs. Writing
Speech
Immediate interaction
Context-dependent
Spontaneous
Turn-taking
Writing
Planned
More explicit
Reader is absent
Organized into complete texts
