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5 Urban Futures - Coggle Diagram
5 Urban Futures
5.2 Opportunities and challenges for cities
5.2.1 Life in a city
🌍 London – Location & Importance
📍 Location
South-east England.
On the River Thames.
32 boroughs + City of London.
🇬🇧 Regional Importance
Large employment centre.
High incomes & house prices.
Europe's largest tech cluster.
Generates 22% of UK GDP.
🏛️ National Importance
UK capital.
Central government (Whitehall).
40+ universities.
Major transport hub (rail, airports, port).
🌎 International Importance
Alpha world city.
Global finance centre.
Headquarters of TNCs.
Fashion, art, theatre & film.
🌍 Lagos – Location & Importance
📍 Location
South-west Nigeria.
Atlantic coast.
Lagos Lagoon.
🇳🇬 Regional Importance
CBD on Lagos Island.
Financial centre.
Eko Atlantic development.
Many employment opportunities.
🏛️ National Importance
Nigeria's largest city.
Major port & airport.
80% of Nigerian industry.
One of the world's fastest-growing megacities.
🌎 International Importance
Major oil-exporting port.
HQ of companies (e.g. Shell Nigeria).
Africa's 4th highest GDP.
Nollywood (film industry).
5.2.2 Changing Populations
🇬🇧 London
Migration
41% born outside the UK.
Most ethnically diverse city in the UK.
Young population.
Migration increases natural increase.
Main Origins
Europe.
Asia & Middle East.
Africa.
Largest Migrant Group: India
Ways of Life
Culture
300+ languages.
Museums, theatres & landmarks.
Housing
Very expensive.
High population density.
Mix of luxury & deprived areas.
Leisure
Wembley.
Wimbledon.
West End.
Premier League football.
Consumption
Oxford Street.
Westfield.
Borough Market.
🇳🇬 Lagos
Migration
600,000 new migrants each year.
Rural → urban migration.
Migration from neighbouring countries.
Young population.
Growth of informal settlements.
Push Factors
Poor healthcare & education.
Low wages.
Few jobs.
Drought & flooding.
Oil pollution.
Ways of Life
Culture
Nollywood.
Afrobeat music.
250+ ethnic groups.
500+ languages.
Housing
Mix of luxury housing & Makoko informal settlement.
Eko Atlantic development.
Leisure
Football.
Beaches.
Festivals.
Consumption
Shopping malls.
Street markets.
High energy demand.
5.2.3 Challenges in Cities
🌍 Challenges Affecting Cities
🇬🇧 London
🏠 Housing
Housing shortage.
Very high house prices & rents.
Many commute or house-share.
🚆 Transport
Heavy congestion.
Overcrowded trains & Tube.
Delays increase journey times.
🏥 Access to Services
Overcrowded hospitals.
Long waiting times.
Unequal access to education.
⚖️ Inequality
Large income gap.
Unemployment in deprived areas.
Lower life expectancy in poorer areas.
🇳🇬 Lagos
🏚️ Informal Settlements
60% live in informal settlements.
Makoko is the largest.
Poor sanitation & no running water.
Illegal electricity connections.
💼 Informal Employment
60% work in informal jobs.
Low pay.
Long hours.
No job security.
High crime.
🏥 Health & Services
Limited healthcare.
Poor water & sanitation.
Cholera, diarrhoea & malaria.
Traffic congestion & pollution.
🗑️ Waste Disposal
Only 40% of waste collected.
Large rubbish dumps.
Toxic waste risks.
5.2.4 Sustainable Cities
🌱 Sustainability
🇬🇧 London
Brownfield Development
Reuse derelict land.
Reduces greenfield building.
Cleans contaminated land.
Provides new homes.
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
Problems
Deprived area.
Polluted land & River Lea.
Poor transport.
Solutions
Land decontaminated.
River cleaned.
New homes & community facilities.
Better transport.
Sports venues reused.
Here East created jobs.
🇳🇬 Lagos
Sustainable Development
Top-down (government).
Bottom-up (community).
NGO support.
Waste
Recycling encouraged.
Waste reused to create new land.
Transport
New light rail.
Fourth Mainland Bridge.
Improved roads.
Public transport & car sharing.
Pollution
Factory pollution controls.
Public education.
Improved sewage management.
More rail to reduce emissions.
5.1 Urbanisation
5.1.1 Global Pattern of Urbanisation
🏙️ Urban Growth
🌍 Urbanisation
More people live in towns & cities.
Movement from rural → urban areas.
🌎 Global Urbanisation
Advanced Countries (ACs)
Slow growth.
Counter-urbanisation.
Good transport & communications.
Emerging Countries
Rapid growth.
Industrialisation.
Rural-urban migration.
Developing Countries
Fastest growth.
High natural increase.
Rural-urban migration.
🌆 Megacities
10+ million people.
Fastest growth in Asia.
By 2050, over 2/3 of people will live in urban areas.
📈 Reasons for Growth
Economic development
More jobs.
More services.
Population growth
Migration.
Natural increase.
Economies of scale
Cheaper to provide services.
Better infrastructure.
Multiplier effect
More businesses.
More investment.
More jobs.
🌐 World Cities
Global centres of finance & business.
Influence the world economy.
Alpha Cities
London
New York
Tokyo
Southern Hemisphere World Cities
Buenos Aires
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Sydney
🏛️ Urban Primacy
One city dominates a country.
Largest population.
Most investment.
Most political power.
Problems
Rural areas miss investment.
More pollution.
More congestion.
More crime.
More poverty.
5.1.2 Causes of Urbanisation
📈 Causes
Economic development.
Population growth.
Rural → urban migration.
Natural increase.
📌 Push & Pull Factors
Push
Unemployment.
Poor healthcare.
Poor education.
Poverty.
Natural hazards.
Pull
Jobs.
Higher wages.
Better healthcare.
Better education.
Better quality of life.
🌍 Urbanisation in LIDCs & EDCs
Causes
Rural-urban migration.
Natural increase.
Economic development.
Consequences
Informal settlements.
Pollution.
Congestion.
Unemployment.
Crime.
Pressure on services.
Informal Settlements
Poor housing.
Little sanitation.
Limited clean water.
Poor healthcare.
Fire & flood risk.
Examples
Dharavi (Mumbai)
Kibera (Nairobi)
🇬🇧 Urban Trends in ACs
Suburbanisation
People move to suburbs.
Counter-urbanisation
People move to rural areas.
Re-urbanisation
People move back into cities.
Deindustrialisation
Factory closures.
Job losses.
Derelict land.
🌆 Urban Regeneration
Redevelop old urban areas.
Improve housing & environment.
🎨 Urban Re-imaging
Change the city's image.
Attract investment & tourism.
Example
London Docklands
🌱 Urban Sprawl
Problems
Loss of farmland.
Loss of green space.
More traffic.
More pollution.
More surface runoff.
Management
Green Belt limits urban growth