Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Via the cranial nerves
Tasks associated with intelligence, consciousness, memory, sensory-motor integration, emotion, behavior & socialization
Limbic system Spread widely in the forebrain The reticular formation Spans the brain stem
Spread widely in the forebrain
Spans the brain stem
Cingulate gyrus allows us to shift between thoughts & interpret pain as unpleasant Amygdaloid body contains the key brain nuclei for processing fear & stimulating the appropriate response
Thalamus Cerebellum Spinal cord
Ideal for arousal of the brain as a whole
Inhibits motor neurons during sleep via reticulospinal tracts Influences postural muscles
Vasomotor centers Cardiac center Respiratory center
Lobe is named after the skull bones overlying them
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites & short axons
Be aware of ourselves & our sensations Initiate & control voluntary movements Communicate, remember & understand
Fibers communicating are usually myelinated & bundled into tracts
Multiple sensory modalities Sensory association areas
Integrates sensory information into unified perception Allows awareness of spatial location of body "Body Sense" Related to language comprehension & speech
"Body Sense"
Prefrontal cortex
Not fully formed until early adulthood
Loss of attentiveness, inhibitions & judgement
Premotor cortex Primary motor cortex Frontal eye field Broca's area
Visual, auditory & general somatic sensory
Large neurons
Pyramidal axons cross over to the opposite side of the brain
Especially when moving eyes to follow a moving target
Each region is called a primary sensory cortex Each primary sensory cortex has different association areas
Each primary sensory cortex has different association areas
Precisely locates a stimulus Certain regions are more adept at distinguishing precise stimuli
Receive sensory input from the opposite side of the body
Receives visual information that originates on the retina Exhibits contralateral function
Analyzes color, form & movement
Impulses transmitted to primary auditory cortex
Located in piriform cortex
Hippocampus, amygdala Provides conscious awareness of smells Produces strong association between smells & emotions/memories
Corticospinal tracts begin with pyramidal cells
Involved in motor control
Located in cerebrum but is considered part of the limbic system Associated with fear & formulating free response
Arches over the thalamus
Cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movement
Parkinson's & Huntington's
Contralateral
Act as relay stations for incoming sensory message (except olfactory) Every part of brain that communicates with cerebral cortex must relay its signals through thalamic nuclei
Attached by infundibulum
Pathway is involved in coordination of voluntary movement
V (trigeminal): innervates skin of the face & chewing muscles VI (abducens): innervates an eye-moving muscle VII (facial): supplies the muscles of facial expression
Influence/coordinate reflexes & autonomic behaviors
Divides the midbrain into a dorsal tectum & paired ventral cerebral peduncles
Involved in controlling voluntary movement
Ex: when the eyes track & follow moving objects even if the person isn't consciously looking at it
Ex: when you're startled by a loud noise, your head & eyes reflexively turn toward the sound
10/12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to it
Separated by the 4th ventricle
We have no awareness of it
Transversely oriented gyri
Equilibrium Current movements of the limbs, neck & trunk From cerebral cortex
Language, problem solving, task planning
Separated by the septum pellucidum Thin median membrane
Thin median membrane
Dorsal to the pons & the superior half of the medulla oblongata
Paired lateral apertures Median aperture
External sheets of gray matter is called a cortex Occur in the cerebellum & cerebrum Cerebellar cortex Cerebral cortex
Occur in the cerebellum & cerebrum Cerebellar cortex Cerebral cortex
Cerebellar cortex Cerebral cortex
Between Pia & arachnoid matters
Fused, except to enclose the dural sinuses Superior saggital sinus is the largest sinus
Superior saggital sinus is the largest sinus
Project through the dura mater Allow CSF to pass into the dural blood sinuses
Follows all convolutions of the cortex
Nourishes brain & spinal cord Removes wastes Carries chemical signals between parts of the CNS
Ependymal cells & their cilia circulate CSF
Impermeable capillaries
Nutrients (oxygen), alcohol, nicotine & anesthetics pass through
Allow communication between spinal cord & brain
Ascending fibers Sends sensory information Afferent Descending fibers Commissural fibers Gray commissure (cross bar connecting the H gray matter)
Sends sensory information Afferent
Gray commissure (cross bar connecting the H gray matter)
Dorsal column pathway Spinothalamic pathway Spinocerebellar pathway
Deliver motor instructions from brain to spinal cord
Direct pathways Pyramidal tracts Indirect pathways Tectospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract
Pyramidal tracts
Tectospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract
Paralysis of lower limbs
Paralysis in all 4 limbs
Anencephaly: cerebrum & cerebellum are absent Spina bifida: absence of vertebral lamina
Caused from damage to the cerebral cortex