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3 Distinctive Landscapes, 🌍 Spits, . - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mountains
      - Coasts
      - Rivers
      - Lakes
    - - Buildings
      - Farms
      - Roads
      - Pylons
    - - Trees
      - Plants
      - Animals
      - Habitats
    - - Weather
      - Seasons
      - Clouds
      - Sounds and smells
  - - - North and west
      - High, steep and rugged
      - Resistant rocks
      - Examples:
        
        Scotland
        
        Snowdonia
        
        Lake District
    - - South and east
      - Flat or gently rolling
      - Softer rocks
      - Most cities are here.
  - - - U-shaped valleys
      - Steep mountains
      - Deep valleys after melting
  - - - Formed when magma cools.
      - Hard and resistant.
      - Examples:
        
        Granite
        
        Basalt
    - - Formed from compacted sediments.
      - Softer than igneous.
      - Examples:
        
        Limestone
        
        Chalk
        
        Clay
        
        Shale
    - - Formed by heat and pressure.
      - Harder than the original rock.
      - Examples:
        
        Slate
        
        Schist
  - - - Mainly igneous and metamorphic rocks.
      - Older, harder rocks.
    - - Mainly sedimentary rocks.
      - Younger, softer rocks.
  - - - Formed mountain ranges.
      - Folded and uplifted rocks.
      - Created slate and schist.
- - - - Weathering
        
        🪨 Weathering
        
        Weathering = breaking down rock in situ (without moving it).
        
        1. Mechanical (Physical)
        
        Freeze-thaw (frost shattering)
        
        Water freezes in cracks → expands → rock breaks.
        
        2. Biological
        
        Plant roots grow into cracks.
        
        Burrowing animals break rock.
        
        3. Chemical
        
        Carbonation: Acid rain dissolves limestone.
        
        Oxidation: Iron rusts.
        
        Solution: Salt minerals dissolve.
        
        UK Weathering
        
        Wales & Scotland: More freeze-thaw and chemical weathering due to wetter, colder climates.
      - Mass movement
        
        ⛰️ Mass Movement
        
        Mass movement = material moves downhill due to gravity.
        
        Factors:
        
        Steeper slopes
        
        Heavy rainfall
        
        Weak rock
        
        Little vegetation
        
        Human activity
        
        Slide
        
        Material moves downhill in one block.
        
        Slump (Rotational Slip)
        
        Happens on clay after heavy rain.
        
        Leaves a curved slip surface.
      - Erosion
        
        🌊 Erosion
        
        Erosion = wearing away and moving rock by water.
        
        Hydraulic Action
        
        Water forces air into cracks.
        
        Cracks widen until rock breaks.
        
        Abrasion (Corrasion)
        
        Rocks scrape against cliffs or river beds.
        
        Corrosion (Solution)
        
        Acidic water dissolves limestone/chalk.
        
        Attrition
        
        Rocks hit each other.
        
        Become smaller and rounder.
      - Transportation
        
        🚚 Transportation
        
        Transportation = moving sediment.
        
        Traction
        
        Large rocks roll.
        
        Saltation
        
        Small stones bounce.
        
        Suspension
        
        Fine particles carried in water.
        
        Solution
        
        Dissolved minerals carried.
      - Deposition
        
        🏖️ Deposition
        
        Deposition = sediment is dropped when water loses energy.
        
        In Rivers
        
        Flatter gradient.
        
        Slower flow.
        
        Inside of meanders.
        
        River enters a lake or sea.
        
        On Coasts
        
        Low-energy waves.
        
        Sheltered bays.
        
        Shallow water.
        
        Constructive waves.
      - 🌊 Longshore Drift
        
        Process:
        
        Waves approach at an angle.
        
        Swash carries material up the beach.
        
        Backwash returns at 90°.
        
        Material moves in a zig-zag pattern.
        
        Moves sediment along the coast.
- - - - Fetch (distance wind blows over water)
      - Wind strength
      - Time the wind blows
  - - - Strong swash
      - Weak backwash
      - Long wavelength
      - Low frequency (6–8/min)
      - Form sandy beaches
    - - Weak swash
      - Strong backwash
      - Short wavelength
      - High frequency (10–12/min)
      - Form shingle beaches
  - - - Hydraulic action – air forced into cracks.
      - Abrasion – rocks scrape cliffs.
      - Corrosion (solution) – acidic water dissolves rock.
      - Attrition – rocks hit each other and become smaller/rounder.
  - - - Soft rock erodes quickly → Bay
      - Hard rock resists erosion → Headland
    - - Hard rock
      - Cliffs
      - Sticks out into the sea
    - - Soft rock
      - Curved shape
      - Often has a beach
  - - - Waves erode the cliff base.
        
        A wave-cut notch forms.
        
        Cliff becomes unstable.
        
        Cliff collapses.
        
        Waves remove debris.
        
        Flat wave-cut platform remains.
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Crack in headland.
        
        Crack widens → Cave
        
        Cave breaks through → Arch
        
        Roof collapses → Stack
        
        Stack erodes → Stump
  - - - Deposit sand and shingle.
      - Strong swash, weak backwash.
    - - Sand dunes form behind beaches.
      - Berm \= ridge of shingle left by storm waves.
- - - - Narrow, shallow river
      - Steep valley
      - Vertical erosion
      - Large, angular rocks
    - - V-shaped valleys
      - Interlocking spurs
      - Waterfalls
      - Gorges
    - - Hard rock over soft rock.
        
        Soft rock erodes faster.
        
        Plunge pool forms.
        
        Hard rock collapses.
        
        Waterfall retreats → Gorge.
  - - - Wider, deeper river
      - Lateral erosion
      - Faster flow
    - - Meanders
    - - Outside bend = erosion (river cliff)
      - Inside bend = deposition (slip-off slope)
  - - - Widest, deepest river
      - Flat floodplain
      - Deposition dominates
      - Fine sediment (alluvium)
    - - Floodplains
        
        Floodplains & Levees
        
        Floodwater spreads out.
        
        Loses energy.
        
        Deposits sediment.
        
        Heavy material forms levees beside river.
      - Levees
      - Oxbow lakes
        
        Oxbow Lake Formation
        
        Meander grows.
        
        Neck narrows.
        
        Flood cuts through neck.
        
        Deposition seals old bend.
        
        Oxbow lake forms.
- - - - Coastline changes direction.
        
        Sediment is deposited.
        
        Spit grows.
        
        Wind/current changes may create a hooked end.
        
        Sheltered water behind forms salt marshes or mudflats.