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2.5 Marking HR Decisions, Full-time, Autonomy, Job Enrichment, Job…

- - - - The levels of authority in a business.
        
        Shows the ranking of employees from top to bottom. Higher levels have more authority and responsibility.
      - Chain of command
        
        The line of authority showing who reports to whom.
        
        Creates clear communication, responsibility and accountability throughout the business.
        
        Span of control
        
        The number of employees directly managed by one manager.
        
        Wide span \= fewer managers and fewer layers. Narrow span \= more managers and more layers.
        
        Centralised Structures
        
        Decentralised structure
        
        Decision-making is shared with lower-level managers.
        
        Increases flexibility, speeds up decisions, and encourages innovation by giving employees more responsibility.
        
        Most decisions are made by senior managers
        
        Gives greater consistency and control, as key decisions are made at the top of the business.
  - - - Many levels of management.
      - Centralised decision-making.
      - Long chain of command.
      - Common in large organisations.
      - Advantages
        
        Clear hierarchy, roles and responsibilities.
        
        Greater specialisation and expertise.
        
        More promotion opportunities.
        
        Overall: Increases efficiency and motivation.
      - Disadvantages
        
        Poor communication between levels.
        
        Slow decision-making.
        
        Can become bureaucratic with too many managers.
        
        Overall: Reduces efficiency and motivation.
    - - Few levels of management.
      - Decentralised decision-making.
      - Short chain of command.
      - Common in small businesses and start-ups.
      - Advantages
        
        Better communication and teamwork.
        
        Faster decision-making.
        
        Encourages creativity and innovation.
        
        Overall: Increases efficiency and motivation.
      - Disadvantages
        
        Roles may be unclear.
        
        Fewer promotion opportunities.
        
        Employees may have too many responsibilities, leading to burnout.
        
        Overall: Reduces efficiency and motivation.
  - - - Too much information is shared.
      - Employees become overwhelmed.
      - Important messages may be ignored.
      - Too many emails or meetings reduce productivity.
      - Causes confusion and distraction, reducing efficiency and motivation.
    - - Too little information is shared.
      - Employees are unsure what to do.
      - Employees may feel left out or undervalued.
      - Poor decisions may be made due to lack of information.
      - Leads to mistakes, delays and low morale, reducing efficiency and motivation.
- - - - Supervisor / Team Leader
        
        Senior Manager
        
        Head chef; Deputy/Assistant Headteacher
        
        Lead departments, develop functional strategies, oversee teams, make medium-term decisions.
        
        Director
        
        Restaurant owner; Headteacher/Governors
        
        Overall business performance, set objectives, make key decisions, report to shareholders/stakeholders.
        
        Sous chef; Head of Year
        
        Manage staff, delegate work, reward/discipline employees, organise staffing, manage department budgets, make routine decisions.
      - Waiters, junior chefs; Teachers, teaching assistants, admin staff
        
        Carry out delegated work and support colleagues
  - - - Ask questions to assess suitability.
      - Testing
        
        Assess skills, aptitude or personality.
        
        Role Play
        
        Act out a workplace situation.
        
        Tour of Facilities
        
        Shows the workplace and working environment.
        
        Presentation
        
        Group Discussion
        
        Assesses teamwork and communication.
        
        Assesses communication and subject knowledge.
- - - - Structured training (e.g. courses, apprenticeships).
      - Expert training, high quality, employees can focus on learning.
      - Expensive and takes employees away from work.
    - - On-the-job training (e.g. shadowing).
      - Job-specific, quick, cheap, allows questions.
      - Depends on the trainer’s ability and reduces productivity during training.
  - - - Keeps employees’ skills up to date as technology changes.
    - - Specialist training, often provided by technology suppliers.
    - - Employees keep up to date through news, blogs, conferences and industry groups.
- - - - Employees work harder, produce more and improve quality, increasing profits.
    - - Employees are more dependable, arrive on time, meet deadlines and take fewer sick days.
    - - Employees are more likely to stay, reducing recruitment and training costs.
  - - - Basic wage or salary paid to employees.
        
        Encourages employees to work and stay with the business.
    - - Percentage of sales earned.
        
        Motivates employees to increase sales.
    - - Extra payment for good performance.
        
        Encourages employees to work harder and achieve targets.
    - - Moving to a higher-level job with more responsibility.
        
        Motivates employees through higher pay and career progression.
    - - Extra benefits (e.g. company car, private healthcare, gym membership).
        
        Encourages employees to stay and perform well to keep the benefits.
- - - - Employees work rotating shifts (e.g. days and nights).
      - Permanent contract
        
        Employment continues until the employee leaves or is made redundant.
        
        Temporary contract
        
        Employment lasts for a set period (e.g. Christmas staff).
        
        Fixed-term contract
        
        Guarantees hours for a specific period of time.
        
        Zero-hours contract
        
        No guaranteed hours; employees work when required.
        
        Freelance
        
        Self-employed and works for different businesses on individual jobs.