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Receptors are distinct receptor cells Neuronlike epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons Transfer sensory information to other neurons in afferent pathways
Neuronlike epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons
Originate in the walls of the orbit Insert on the outer surface of the eyeball Annular ring: origin of the 4 rectus muscles
Causes depolarization of photoreceptors Sends an action potential to the visual cortex of the brain to interpret data into an image
Sends an action potential to the visual cortex of the brain to interpret data into an image
Receives oxygen from the air, oxygen & nutrients from the aqueous humor that's posterior to it
Most are pain receptors
Pigments helps to absorb some entering light energy so that it clarifies the data
Acts to focus the lens
Act to vary the size of the pupil Sphincter constricts the pupil in bright light Dilator pupillae widens the pupil in the dark & for distant vision
Sphincter constricts the pupil in bright light Dilator pupillae widens the pupil in the dark & for distant vision
Outer 3rd of retina: supplied by capillaries in the choroid Inner 2/3rds of retina: supplied by central artery & vein of retina
Transmits light Supports the posterior surface of the lens Helps maintain intraocular pressure Keeps retina in place
Keeps retina in place
Both chambers have circulating aqueous humor
Renewed continuously Formed as a blood filtrate Supplies nutrients to the lens & cornea
Held in place by its ciliary zonule
New lens fibers are continuously added Lens enlarges throughout life
Lens, cornea & humors
Curvature of lens is adjustable Allows for focusing on nearby objects
Sympathetic input Ciliary muscle relaxes & the ciliary zonule tightens
Parasympathetic input Ciliary muscle contracts & the ciliary zonule loosens
Cerebral cortex is responsible for conscious "seeing"
Light activates photoreceptors Photoreceptors signal bipolar cells Bipolar cells signal ganglion cells Axons of ganglion cells exit eye as the optic nerve Anterior to optic chiasm Optic tracts send axons to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus Tracts are posterior to optic chiasm Synapse with thalamic neurons Fibers of the optic radiation reach the primary visual cortex
Anterior to optic chiasm
Tracts are posterior to optic chiasm Synapse with thalamic neurons Fibers of the optic radiation reach the primary visual cortex
Synapse with thalamic neurons Fibers of the optic radiation reach the primary visual cortex
These branches go to the superior colliculi & pretectal nuclei Superior colliculi: reflex nuclei controlling the extrinsic eye muscles Pretectal nuclei: mediate the pupillary light reflexes
Superior colliculi: reflex nuclei controlling the extrinsic eye muscles Pretectal nuclei: mediate the pupillary light reflexes
External ear: functions in hearing Middle ear: functions in hearing Internal ear: functions in both hearing & equilibrium
Ceruminous glands produce cerumen (ear wax)
Malleus: attaches to eardrum Incus: between malleus and stapes Stapes: vibrates against the oval window
To protect the structures of the inner ear
Continuous with cerebrospinal fluid
Static equilibrium & linear acceleration of the head
Utricle & saccule Suspended in perilympth 2 egg-shaped parts of the membranous labyrinth House the macula
Suspended in perilympth 2 egg-shaped parts of the membranous labyrinth House the macula
Monitor the position of the head when the head is still Contains columnar supporting cells Hair cells synapse with the vestibular nerve Tips of hair cells are embedded in otolith membrane Contains crystals of calcium carbonate (otoliths)
Tips of hair cells are embedded in otolith membrane Contains crystals of calcium carbonate (otoliths)
Contains crystals of calcium carbonate (otoliths)
Scala vestibuli Scala tympani
Supporting cells Inner & outer hair cells (receptor cells)
Membrane is flexible
Low frequencies don't excite Frequencies in hearing range go through cochlear duct, vibrate the basilar membrane & deflect hairs on inner hair cells
Rotational (angular) acceleration of the head
Confined to the membranous labyrinth
Mechanical, physical damage to neural pathway