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PTA (full) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - People differ in aprox 1 in 700 base pairs
  - - - Testosteron, cortisol and oxytocin weak correlation with OCEAN
    - - Norepinephrine
        
        Reward dependence
    - - ARAS (eyeseck -> extraversion
      - Limbic system / aymgadala -> Neuroticism
      - PFC (control)
  - - - Ascending Retiucal Activating System; network in the brainstem that transmits sensory stimuli and regulates the arousal level of the brain
  - - - Activation level of CNS
    - - How strongly someone's brain reacts to a given stimulus
    - - Brainstructures around brainstem that processes emotions
    - - Processes emotional stimuli
      - Amygdala is more active with emotional images for high N people
    - - Performance is opitmal at a moderate level of arousal
  - - - High BAS -> impulsive, reward sensitive, positive emotions
    - - High Bis --> Anxious, avoidant
    - - Difference in electrical activity in left and right hemispheres
    - - Gene for serotonin transporter
    - - Gray: reward/punishment / Eysenck: arousal explains extraversion
  - - - (h^2)
        
        The proportion of the total variance in a trait that is explained by genetic differences
      - Variance
        
        Stat term for ind. differences between people
      - Additive genetic variance (a^2)
        
        Part of the total variance explained by additive genetic effects
      - Shared environment variance (c^2)
        
        explained by environmental factors that sibblings share
      - Unique environmental variance (e^2)
        
        Explained my environmental factors that are unique
      - a^2 + c^2 + e^2 = 1 (100% total)
      - Evolutionairy Psych
        
        Natural Selection
        
        All alleles that increase survival have a higher frequency
        
        Sexual Selection
        
        Selection based on partner choice
        
        Inclusive fitness
        
        Reproductive success of one's relatives counts, you help pass on your own gen. variants
        
        Directional Selection
        
        One variant becomes increasingly frequent because it is better adapted - eventually the genetic variation on that gene disappears
        
        Stabalizing Selection
        
        middle values are optional (not to much nor too little fear)
        
        Frequency-dep. selection
        
        A trait is advantageous as long as it is RARE
    - - Zygosity
        
        Whether a twin is MZ or DZ
      - Assortative Mating
        
        Partner choice based on similarity
      - Contrast Effect
        
        Twins compare themselves to each other rather than to the general populations; differences are emphazided, lowers MZ correlations
      - Assimilation effect
        
        "The are twins after all" artificially increases correlations
      - EEA (equal environment assumption)
        
        Assumption that MZ twins do not receive "more special" environmental treatment than DZ twins
        
        assumption correct
    - - Design that compares adopted children with their biological parents and their adoptive parents
      - Discordant MZ twins
        
        Identical twins who differ on an outcome (one smokes one doesn't); must be due to environment; genitically 100% the same
      - Twins grown up seperatly look alike - confirms the role of genes
      - Gene-environment
        
        Passive rGE
        
        Parents pass on environment as well
        
        Evocative rGE
        
        The child elicits specific reactions from others through their own genetic behavior
        
        Active rGE
        
        Person seeks out environments that match his genetic predisposiition
      - Interactions
        
        GxE interaction
        
        Different environments, different genes
        
        Heritablitiy of IQ is higher in high-SES families (60% vs 10 - 30%)
- - - - Testing wether cruelty in prison experiment was due to situation or self - selection
      - Two ads: one for "psych study" and one for "psych study on prison life"; measured personality of respondents
        
        Those who signed up for the "prison" study scored 1SD higher on agression, Machiavellianism, Narcissism
        
        Machiavialism:
        
        Cunning manipulation; disregard for morality
      - Farland = Harland = prison time
  - - - Stable trait of "honesty" in children
        
        "moral charachter" does not exist
        
        Stealing money / donating games; etc
  - - - Behavior of a person in two situations was compared
      - Weak correlation; personlaty hardly exists
        
        < .20
        
        Behavior is situation dependent
  - - - A bundle of behaviors does predict another bundle
    - - Personality manifests in a trait-relevant situation
        
        You see introversion at mainly at parties
      - Situation Selection
        
        Personality determines the situations someone puts themselves in
      - Situation Evocation
        
        Personality elecits reactions from others
  - - - Four Humors
        
        Sanguin
        
        Choleric
        
        Melancholic
        
        Phlegmatic
        
        Socrates
      - Sheldon (1942) Somatoform types
        
        Endomorp
        
        Mesomorph
        
        Ectomorph
      - MBTI
        
        16 types 4 dichotomies
    - - Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
    - - H - Honesty - Humility
        
        Integritiy
        
        Sincerity
        
        Fairness
        
        Avoidance of Greed
        
        Modesty
      - E - Emotionality
        
        Anxiety
        
        Fearfulness
        
        Sentimentality
        
        Dependence
      - X - Extraversion
        
        Self-Esteem
        
        Social Boldness
        
        Sociability
        
        Liveliness
      - A - Agreeableness
        
        Tolerance
        
        Forgiveness
        
        Gentleness
        
        Flexibility
        
        Patience
      - C - Conscientiousness
        
        Organization
        
        Dilgence
        
        Persistent effort
        
        Perfectionism
        
        Prudence
        
        Good judgement
      - O - Openness to Experience
        
        Aesthetic Appreciation
        
        Curiosity
        
        Creativity
        
        Unconventionality
      - Engagement Dimensions
        
        Extraversion = social engagement
        
        Conscientiousness = task engagement
        
        Openness = idea engagement
      - Altruism
        
        Integrity: avoid active exploitation
        
        Tolerance (avoid reactivie revenge)
        
        Emotionality (bonding with relatives
    - - Personality is multivariate, continously dispersed
    - - Idea that people fall into sharp categories (no emp evidence)
    - - Whether people fall into 3 stable personality types
      - Found 3 types
        
        Low on vulnerability + C
        
        externalizing
        
        High N + Low Extraversion
        
        internalizing
        
        Low N + high all others
        
        Resilient
        
        Not concentrated around cluster centers
      - Ashton & Lee (2009)
        
        Whether those types really exist
        
        Cluster analysis HEXACO data
        
        Clusters in HEXACO data explained no more variance than clusters in random data
        
        Personality is dimensional, not categorical
- - - - Agreement between different reviewers
    - - Stability of scores over time for the same person
  - - - Family / friends inform
    - - Data from a person's life history
    - - Ink blots; low r
    - - Correlation between self-report and observer
        
        .30 for less known observers / .60 for well-known ones
    - - Empirical Strategy
        
        Selecting items based on their statistical relationship to an ext. criterion
      - Rational Strategy
        
        Selecting items on what sounds logical
      - Factor Analysis Strategy
        
        Retain items that load high on the desired factor
        
        Assinging constructs (topics) to the questionnaire
        
        Factor Loading
        
        Correlation of items with factors; high = strong measure
        
        Positive Manifold
        
        All mental skill tasks correlate positively with one another; not the case with personality
      - Lexical Strategy
        
        Start with adjectives from the dictionary
        
        Use everyday words instead of lingo
        
        Lexical Hypothesis
        
        Important individual differences are catpured in language
        
        Allport & Odbert (1936) - first lexical selection
        
        Searched the dictionary; selected adjectives describing personality
        
        Port = alcoholist = adjectives for addiction
        
        18 000 adjectives
        
        Catell (1947)
        
        Whether a limited number of underlying personality dimensions could be found
        
        Reduced Allport-Odbert list to 35 adjectives
        
        Found 16 factors; 5 are more stable
      - Projective Test
        
        Ink Blots
      - Structured Questionnaire
        
        Fixed questions
      - Social Desirablitiy
        
        Tendency to answer as "should" instead of honestly
      - Acquiescence
        
        Always "agree" no matter the content
      - Construction Strategy
        
        Jackson (1975)
        
        Compared questionnaires using different strategies (rational / empirical / factor)
        
        Both students and psychologists constructs measures with each method; compared observer reports
        
        Rational was more valid than empirical
- - - - Wheter Gen x, y, z differ in narcissim
      - 60 00 students 3 cohorts
      - Narcisism declined stedilty over decades
      - Wetzel = pretzel = narcissim
    - - Wether cohort effects on personality exist after controlling for age and period
      - No cohort effects; Personality stems from personal events
    - - 40 years of stabliity from teacher judmgenet to self image
      - Hawaiian sschool children received OCEAN rating from teacher in 1960; later gave self-assesment
      - Low correlation; they meassure different things
      - Gold = goldcoast = hawaii? = big five self assess
    - - Agression over 40 years
      - whether aggression is a stable trait over life
      - r = .50; high stabliity
      - constant aggression = unfavorable life outcomes
  - - - Change due to life change
    - - Influency of histrical events (war)
    - - Influence of the year of birth
        
        Generation effect
  - - - 1SD difference 18 and 60
      - Largest change
    - - People become "psychologically more mature" during adulthood; and increase (C) (A) and (H) for relationships and work
    - - Maturation is caused by assuming adult roles
    - - To what extent people remain in the same position relative to others over time
      - (12 - 16 y) r = .40; low stability
        
        McCrae et al 2001
      - Young adulthood: r = .60
        
        Robins et al (2001)
      - Maturity r = .65; ME r = .80
        
        Terraciano et al (2006)
      - Higest at age 50
        
        Specht et al (2011)
    - - around 10 years little is reflected
        
        measurement problem
      - Temperament questionaires
        
        Activity, irritablity, perserverance
        
        Precursors to personality
      - Lamb et al (2002
        
        in childhood, (A) and (C) increase, (X) and (OP decrease