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Chapter 6: Bones & Skeletal Tissues - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Function
        
        Most elastic than hyaline
        
        Better at tolerating repeated bending
      - Composition
        
        Matrix contains many elastic fibers & collagen fibrils
      - Location
        
        Epiglottis & outer ear
    - - Function
        
        Resists strong compression & tension (pulling) forces
      - Composition
        
        Intermediate between hyaline cartilage & dense regular connective tissue
        
        Thick collagen fibers surrounding chondrocytes within lacunae
      - Location
        
        Certain ligaments & cartilages that experience both compression & tension
        
        Anulus fibrosus portion of the discs between the vertebrae
        
        In the articular discs of some joints
        
        Ex: menisci of knee
    - - Composition
        
        Only fiber type in the matrix is a collagen unit fibril
        
        Gelatinous ground substance holds a lot of water
      - Location
        
        Articular cartilage that covers the ends of adjoining bones in movable joints
        
        Forms the cartilaginous attachment of ribs to sternum
        
        Most of cartilage found in respiratory structures
        
        Forms the embryonic skeleton
      - Function
        
        Resists compression well
        
        Provides support through flexibility & resilience
  - - - Interstitial Growth
        Growth from within
        
        Chondrocytes within the cartilage divide & secrete new matrix
      - Appositional Growth
        Growth from outside
        
        Chondroblasts in the surrounding perichondrium secrete the new cartilage tissue
- - - - Osteoprogenitor cells
        Osteo:bone, Pro:before, Genie: producing
        
        Stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts
        
        Osteoblasts
        
        Cells that actively produce & secrete the bone matrix
        
        Bone matrix is called osteoid
        
        Within a week, inorganic calcium salts crystallize within the osteoid
        
        Osteocytes
        
        When osteoblasts are completely surrounded by osteoid & aren't producing more, they're osteocytes
        
        Function to keep bone matrix healthy
- - - - Structure
        
        Epiphyses
        Bone ends
        
        Articular Cartilage
        
        Thin layer of hyalin cartilage
        
        Covers koint surface of each epiphyses
        
        Epiphyseal Line
        
        Between diaphysis & epiphysis is an epiphyseal line
        
        Remnant of epiphyseal/growth plate
        
        disc of hyaline cartilage that grows in childhood to lengthen bone
        
        Blood Vessels
        
        Nutrient artery & nutrient vein
        
        Run through the nutrient foramen in the wall of diaphysis
        
        Supply the bone marrow & spongy bone
        
        Epiphyseal arteries & veins serve each epiphysis in the same way
        
        Diaphysis
        Shaft; forms the long axis of a long bone
        
        Medullary/Marrow Cavity
        
        Center of the diaphysis has no bone tissue
        
        Filled with yellow bone marrow in adults
        
        Membranes
        
        Periosteum
        
        Covers the external surface of bone
        
        Except on the ends of epiphyses where articular cartilage occurs
        
        Richly supplied with nerves & blood vessels
        
        Secured to then underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers
        
        Provides insertion points for the tendons & ligaments that attach to bone
        
        2 layers
        
        2 Layers of Periosteum
        
        Superficial Layer
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Resists tension placed on a bone during bending
        
        Deep Layer
        
        Abuts compact bone
        
        Osteogenic (contains osteo -blasts & -clasts)
        
        Osteoblasts produce circumferential lamellae
        
        Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts during times of bone growth/deposition
        
        Sharpey's fibers
        
        Perforating collagen fiber bundles
        
        Thick bundles of collagen that run from periosteum into bone matrix
        
        Endosteum
        
        Covers internal bone surfaces
        
        Thinner connective tissue membrane
        
        Covers trabecular of spongy bone
        
        Lines central canals of osteons
        
        Osteogenic
    - - Structure
        
        Periosteum-covered compact bone externally
        
        Endosteum-covered spongy bone internally
        
        No diaphysis/epiphyses
        
        Contain bone marrow
        
        No marrow cavity
      - Sesamoid Bones
        
        Special type of short bone that forms within a tendon
        
        Vary in size & in # in different people
        
        Alter the direction of pull of a tendon
        
        Reduce friction & modify pressure in tendons
        
        Reducing abrasion or tearing
        
        Ex: kneecap/patella
    - - Compact Bone
        
        Osteon
        Haversian System
        
        Long, cylindrical structures
        
        Parallel to the long axis of the bone & to the main compression stresses
        
        Group of concentric tubes resembling the rings of a tree cross section
        
        Each tube is a lamella
        Osteocyte body occupies lacunae in solid matrix
        
        Osteocyte "spider legs" (extensions) occupy thin tubes called canaliculi
        
        Lamella
        
        A layer of bone matrix where collagen fibers & mineral crystals align & run in a single direction
        
        Fibers & crystals of adjacent lamellae run in opposite directions
        
        Optimal pattern for withstanding torsion/twisting stress
        
        Inhibit crack propagation
        
        Interstitial Lamellae
        
        Lie between the osteons
        
        Groups of incomplete lamellae
        
        Remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling
        
        Circumferential Lamellae
        
        Occur in the external & internet surfaces of the layer of compact bone
        
        Extends around the entire circumference of the diaphysis
        
        Resist twisting of the whole long bone
        
        Central Canal
        Haversian Canal
        
        Runs through the center of each osteon
        
        Lined with endosteum
        
        Osteogenic layer
        
        Contains its own blood vessels & nerve fibers
        
        Perforating Canal
        Volkmann's Canal
        
        Lie at right angles to central canals
        
        Connect the blood & nerve supply of the periosteum to that of central canals & marrow cavity
        
        Canaliculi
        
        Run through matrix, connecting neighboring lacunae to one another & to the nearest capillaries
        
        Neighboring osteocyte extensions touch each other & form gap junctions
      - Spongy Bone
        
        Each trabecular contains several layers of lamella & osteocytes
        
        Too small to contain osteon vessels
        
        Osteocytes receive their nutrients from capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabecula via canaliculi connections
  - - - Tuberosity
        
        Large rounded projection
        
        May be roughened
      - Crest
        
        Narrow ridge of bone
        
        Usually prominent
      - Trochanter
        
        Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
        
        Only examples are on the femur
      - Line
        
        Narrow ridge of bone
        
        Less prominent than a crest
      - Tubercle
        Small rounded projection or process
      - Epicondyle
        Raised area on/above a condyle
      - Spine
        Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
      - Process
        Any bony prominence
    - - Head
        Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
      - Facet
        Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
      - Condyle
        
        Rounded articular projection
        
        Often articulates w/ a corresponding fossa
    - - For Passage of Vessels & Nerves
        
        Foramen
        Round/oval opening through a bone
        
        Groove
        Furrow
        
        Fissure
        Narrow, slitlike opening
        
        Notch
        Indentation at the edge of a structure
      - Others
        
        Fossa
        
        Shallow basin like depression in a bone
        
        Often serving as an articular surface
        
        Meatus
        Canal-like passageway
        
        Sinus
        
        Cavity within a bone
        
        Filled with air & lined with mucous membrane