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Altered Elimination - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Can promote stasis of filtrates in renal tubules and urine in bladder; can lead to infection
        
        Cast formation 2/2 low rate, ↑ Na concentration and ↓ pH; precpitation can cause blockage
        
        Pyelonephritis- infection of kidneys
        
        Tx: antibiotics
        
        Tx: ↑ fluid intake
    - - Impaired neural control may involve the neurons of the peripheral or central nervous system neurotransmitter production, and availability of coordination of neural impulses from initiation to action
        
        May result in urinary retention or incontinence
        
        Neurogenic bladder
        
        Tx: surgery- augmentation cystoplasty
        
        Tx: medications- oxybutynin, tolterodine, mirabegron
    - - Blockage of urinary structures could lead to obstruction
        
        Consequences of blockage influenced by: degree of blockage, duration, acuity or chronicity
      - Leads to buildup of pressure → structural damage, possible ischemia and necrosis
      - Hydronephrosis- swelling of 1 or both kidneys 2/2 backup of urine
        
        Tx: Surgery/stent placement
        
        Tx: medications
    - - Inadequate arterial blood supply → ischemia and infarction
      - ↓ O2 delivery by arterial blood supply may result in structural damage d/t inability to meet metabolic demands
      - Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
        
        Tx: fluid resusciration and electrolyte managment
        
        Tx: D/C nephrotoxic meds
- - - - ↑ motility
        
        may impair nutrition
        
        prevents adequate time for H2O and nutrient absorption
        
        enhances H2O and electrolyte loss
        
        ↓ motility
        
        prolongs storage time in large intestines
        
        ↑ fluid loss, forms hard stool
        
        promotes return of waste products to circulation
        
        Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
        
        Tx: dietary adjustments- restricting fermented carbs
        
        Tx: medications
    - - Any alteration in neural signal transduction or muscle responsiveness may result in altered bowel function
        
        May result from: abdominal surgery, electrolyte imbalances, peritonitis, or spinal trauma
        
        Neurogenic bowel dysfunction- loss of normal bowel control d/t nerve damage
        
        Tx: diet and lifestyle modifications
        
        Tx: medications
    - - Bowel obstruction d/t lesion, causes total or partial blockage
        
        Tx: bowel rest
        
        Tx: nasogastric tube to decompress stomach
        
        when venous return impaired, edema develops, reduction absorption
        
        bacteria may gain access to circulation, leading to sepsis
        
        perforation may occur d/t ↑ pressure