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THE PARTICULATE MODEL OF MATTER - Coggle Diagram
THE PARTICULATE MODEL OF MATTER
brownian motion
It is caused by uneven bombardment on the particles by the invisible molecules in air or water.
the particulate theory of matter
The particles possess kinetic energy, so they are in constant and random motion.
The motion of particles of a substance in different physical states is different.
Matter is made up of tiny particles which are invisible to our naked eyes without the help of a microscope. Particles can be atoms, molecules or ions.
The amount of spaces between particles of a substance is different when the substance is in different physical states.
In matter, the particles in all three physical state have motion.
liquid
Vibrate and move about freely in confined spaces
gas
Vibrate and move in all directions at high speeds
solid
Vibrate at their fixed positions only
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
When the particles lose heat energy, their average kinetic energy decreases, hence the temperature decreases.
When the particles gain heat energy, their average kinetic energy increases, hence the temperature increases.
The particles in solids, liquids and gases are different in the following ways:
Their arrangement
Their motion
The strength of attractive force between them
The distance/space between each other
Factor affecting the particles
Arrangement
liquid
Disorderly / Random
gas
Disorderly / Random
solid
Orderly / Regular
Motion
liquid
Move about freely by sliding over one another
gas
Move freely in all directions at high speeds
solid
Can only vibrate at fixed positions
Attractive force
liquid
moderately strong
gas
weak
solid
Very strong
Space
solid
Closely packed together
liquid
Quite close together
gas
Far apart
COMMON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
liquid
Cannot be compressed easily
Spaces
The particles are quite closely packed together, so there are limited spaces to squash them further.
Expansion during heating
Motion and spaces
When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy to vibrate more vigorously and push each other away, so the distance between them increases and hence the volume occupied by the particles increases.
Have a fixed volume
Attractive force and motion
The attractive forces between the particles are strong enough to hold them in confined spaces, so they cannot move freely in all directions.
Contraction during cooling
Motion and spaces
When a substance is cooled, the particles lose energy. As a result, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. As a result, the distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases
Does not have a fixed shape but take the shape of containers
Attractive force, motion and arrangement
The attractive forces between the particles are moderately strong, so they can only move about freely by sliding over one another in confined spaces and hence have a disorderly arrangement.
Contraction during cooling
Motion and spaces
When a substance is cooled, the particles lose energy. As a result, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. As a result, the distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases.
gas
Can be compressed easily
Spaces
The particles of gases are far apart from one another, so there are more spaces between them. Hence, they can be squashed together easily.
Can diffuse easily
Attractive force
The attractive force between particles are negligible, so they are free to move anywhere at high speeds.
Have low densities
Motion
The particles are able to spread out in all the available spaces, so the mass per volume ratio is relatively low.
Expansion during heating
Motion and spaces
When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy to vibrate more vigorously and push each other away, so the distance between them increases and hence the volume occupied by the particle increases.
Does not have a fixed shape and a fixed volume
Attractive force, motion and arrangement
The attractive force between the particles are negligible, so they are free to move randomly in all directions and have a disorderly arrangement.
Contraction during cooling
Motion and spaces
When a substance is cooled, the particles lose energy. As a result, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. As a result, the distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases
solid
Cannot be compressed easily
The particles are closely packed together, so there are limited spaces to squeeze them further.
Spaces
Have high densities
The particles are closely packed together, so the mass per volume ratio is relatively high.
spaces
Have a fixed volume
The particles can only vibrate at their fixed positions.
Motion
Expansion during heating
When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy to vibrate more vigorously and push each other away, so the distance between them increases and hence the volume occupied by the particles increases.
Motion and spaces
Have a fixed shape
The particles are held by strong attractive force, so they can only vibrate at their fixed positions and hence have an orderly arrangement.
Attractive force, motion and arrangement
Contraction during cooling
When a substance is cooled, the particles lose energy. As a result, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. As a result, the distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases.
Motion and spaces
Diffusion in a liquid
Observations
Some blue dyes are placed at one corner of a beaker filled with water.• After a few hours, blue colour of the dyes spread throughout the water.
Inferences
This shows that the blue dye particles are in constant and random motion.
Diffusion in a gas
Observations
The inverted upper jar is filled with air and the lower upper jar is filled with brown nitrogen dioxide gas.
The two jars are separated by a lid initially.
When the lid is removed, brown nitrogen dioxide gas occupies both jars completely quickly.
Inferences
Diffusion in gases is very fast because the gaseous particles move at a higher speed in all the directions.
Mixing equal volumes of different liquids
Observations
There are different amounts of spaces between liquids A and B.
The smaller particles can seep into the spaces between the larger particles, so the total amount of spaces occupied by both liquids A and B becomes lesser.
When 50 cm³ of liquid A is poured into 50 cm³ of liquid B completely, the total volume of both liquids is less than 100 cm³.Inferences:
