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lecture 7: memory, = specific functional takeover of a cortical area, =…

- - - - grid cells: map location in
        the environment
    - - place cells: maximally active
        for particular locations
      - ensemble formation
  - - - Long-Term Depression (LTD)
        
        weakens rarely used or uncoordinated connections
      - Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
        
        A long-lasting strengthening of synapses due to repeated co-activation of neurons
  - - - Splitting error: treating closely related memory processes as completely separate systems.
      - Lumping error: treating everything about memory as one system
    - - brain fills in missing details with plausible but false information without the person intending to lie
    - - the brain uses fast predictions to save time and energy, but that makes it more prone to errors when the prediction is wrong.
  - - - helps construct what you perceive now
    - - extends that same system to what happened or will happen
        
        prospective memory = future
- - - - Neurotrophins (such as Nerve Growth Factor)
        
        are secreted by target neurons to allow specific neurons to survive, develop, and function
      - Synaptotoxic chemicals
        
        act to eliminate unnecessary synapses
  - - - after optic nerve cut and eye rotation, axons regrew to their original targets.
        
        wiring is genetically guided
    - - auditory cortex began processing visual input
        
        function is experience-shaped
- - - - remapping
        
        brain area gets reassigned to process new input
        
        Amputees
        
        The somatosensory cortex remaps so that areas previously dedicated to a lost hand may begin responding to facial stimulation (rematting the sensory homunculus)
        
        Blindness
        
        Visual areas (V1) in early-blind individuals are reorganized to process auditory and tactile signals (e.g., Braille).
  - - - Axonal Growth
        
        Formation of entirely new synaptic connections
        
        Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM)
        
        brain scans of adults after intensive training (e.g., juggling, taxi driving)
        
        experience leads to measurable structural brain changes (grey matter increase in relevant regions)
    - - Unmasking/Disinhibition
        
        V1 responding to touch within 2 days of blindfolding
        
        Constraint Therapy
        
        Good” limb/eye is constrained to force use of the weaker one
        
        drives plasticity and restores/strengthens function