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Natural Sciences - Coggle Diagram

- - - - How do scientists even verify their experiment worked if they had never known the answer itself in the first place?
        
        Usually, we can test if an experiment worked or not by referencing findings by experts. But what guarantees that those expert findings are to be relied upon as the objective answer?
- - - - the idea that all sciences can be simplified to explanations in fundamental paradigms of science e.g. biology is applied chemistry while chemistry is applied physics
    - - the opposite notion of scientific reductionism, takes the view that each of the natural sciences contribute uniquely to our understanding of the world
    - - Chemistry
        
        Physics
        
        Astronomy
        
        Materials science
        
        Biochemistry
        
        Geology
        
        1 more item...
  - - - If we can predict the world, then to some extent, we can control it.
      - Do we not have to know the cause of a phenomenon to be able to say that we know how it works?
        
        Does this count as scientific knowledge?
    - - Laws in science refer to regularities of some sort
        
        HOWEVER...
        
        Universal laws are not applied in fields such as BIOLOGY, with some exceptions
    - - finding explanations does not seem to pick out just the natural sciences
      - the idea of explanation itself needs clarification
        
        THEREFORE...
        
        What is EXPLANATION?
        
        Why is it linked to the concept of understanding?
  - - - reveals patterns that were previously unnoticed
    - - often a part of the explanation
- - - - Katie Bouman helped develop the algorithm used by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) team to produce the first image of a black hole in the M87 galaxy.
      - The image was not captured directly by a single camera; it was reconstructed using enormous amounts of data collected from telescopes around the world and processed through scientific algorithms.
      - More than 200 researchers collaborated on the project, and the findings were extensively tested before publication.
        
        Key TOK Concepts
        
        Evidence * The black hole image was based on observational data collected by telescopes. * Scientific claims require empirical evidence before being accepted.
        
        Technology
        
        Without advanced algorithms and telescopes, the image could not have been produced.
        
        Technology extends human observation and shapes scientific knowle
        
        verification
        
        The algorithm was tested repeatedly to ensure the image was not simply a computer-generated guess.
        
        Scientific knowledge becomes more reliable through peer review and replicati