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Education Topic 6 Policies- 1988 Marketisation - Coggle Diagram
Education Topic 6 Policies- 1988 Marketisation
Marketisation is the process of introducing market forces of consumer choice and competition into education.
It has created an education market by reducing state control over education and increase both competition between schools
Parentocracy
In education power shifts away from the producers eg schools to the consumer eg parents. They claim this encourages diversity among schools, gives parents more choice and raise standards
Evaluation
The education system seems as if its based on parents having free choice of school
However Ball argues that parentocracvy is a myth and not a reality and makes it appear that all parents have the same freedom to choose what schools to send their children however Gewirtz shows MC are better able to take an advantage of choices
Policies that promote marketisation
Publication of league tables and ofsted inspections which ranks each school according to exam performance
Formula funding where schools receive the same amount of funding for each pupil
Schools being allowed to opt out of local authority control eg to become academies
Schools having to compete for more students
Reproduction of inequality
Ball and Whitty notes how marketisation polices such as league tables and funding formula reproduce class inequalities by creating inequalities between schools
League tables- Ensures that schools that achieve good results are more in demand because parents are more attracted
Cream Streaming- Bartlett argues that good schools can be more selective and can recruit higher achieving middle class students meaning these pupils gain an advantage. However lower league schools cant afford to be selective and have to take the less able students mainly WC so results are poorer and remain unattractive to MC parents. This reproduces social class inequalities
Funding Formula- Schools are allocated funds based on how many pupils they attract. Popular schools get more funds so can afford better qualified teachers and better facilities. Also means that they an be more selective and attract MC pupils Unpopular schools lose income and find it difficult to match the teacher skills and facilities which means that unpopular schools fail to attract pupils meaning their funding goes down further
Gewirtz- Parental Choice
Studied 14 London secondary schools and found a difference in parents economic and cultural capital lead to class differences in how far they choose schools
Privileged skilled choosers: MC who use their economic capital to their advantage to gain educational capital meaning they are able to take full advantage of choices. They have cultural capital meaning meaning they have time to visit schools ad had economic capital meaning they can pay for travel
Disconnected Local Choosers: WC whose choices are restricted by there lack of economic and cultural capital. They find it difficult to understand schools admissions meaning they were less aware of choices available. Distance and cost were major factors on their choice of school
Semi Skilled Choosers: Mainly WC but they were ambitious for their children however they lacked cultural capital and found it difficult to make sense of education market so relies on others options. Often frustrated at their inability to get child into school they wanted
New Labour and inequality
New labour governments of 1997 and 2010 introduced a number of policies aimed at reducing inequalities
Designating some deprived areas as Education Action Zones and providing them with additional resources
The aim high programme to raise the aspirations of groups who are under-represented in higher education
Education Maintenance allowance- Payments to students from low income backgrounds to encourage them to stay on after 16 to gain better qualifications