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WEEK 3 SOCIAL COGNITION AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION - Coggle Diagram
WEEK 3 SOCIAL COGNITION AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION
What do we think about ourselves and others, and what can influence our thinking
SOCIAL COGNITION
automatic vs controlled thinking
Automatic
without conscious awareness
E.g. quickly deciding someone seemed friendly without thinking about it
Controlled
More deliberate and effortful
e.g. Carefully evaluating someone's behaviour before forming an opinion
schemas
person schemas
role schemas
event schemas
self schemas
accessibility
chronically accessible
temporarily accessible
primacy effect
First information we receive about a person influences our impression more strongly
self fulfilling prophecy
A perceiver’s expectation about another person (target) influences their behaviour toward the person
Perceiver’s behaviour influences the target’s behaviour
Target’s behaviour confirms perceiver’s expectations
Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968
where they told the teacher that some students were late bloomers which made them treat them better, resulting in the students' result improving
heuristic
availability heuristic
Base judgment on how easily something comes to mind
If it’s easy to think of something, it must be common
If it’s hard to think of something, it must not be common
representativeness heuristic
judge the probability of an event based on
how similar it is to a prototype or a stereotype
ATTRIBUTIONS
internal (dispositional) attribution
comes from the PERSON
personality
ability
effort
external (situational) attribution
cause comes from SITUATION
luck
task difficulty
environment
(Kelley's) COVARIATION MODEL
Consensus
- Do other people behave the same way
Distinctiveness
- Does the person behave differently in other situations
Consistency
- Does the behaviour occur repeatedly over time
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
Salience
person is more noticeable than the situation
Effort
takes effort to consider internal/external causes
Culture
western cultures
holistic thinking
focus on context and relationships
eastern cultures
analytical thinking
focus on individuals
SELF SERVING ATTRIBUTIONS
Attribute success to internal factors
Attribute failure to external factors
Why?
Protect self-esteem
Maintain positive self-image
e.g.
Pass exam → “I studied hard”
Fail exam → “The test was unfair”
BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD
belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve
e.g. assuming a victim must have done something wrong (internal attribution)
BIAS BLIND SPOT
believing that other people are biased but we are not