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Science Chapter 14, Screenshot 2026-06-28 at 4.35.49 PM - Coggle Diagram
Science Chapter 14
Benefits of bacteria
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Produce certain enzymes, vitamins and amino acids
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Use of bacteria in the production of food items eg coffee, chocolate and belacan
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Yoghurt
Bacteria converts lactose sugar in milk into lactic acid, producing a semi solid with a different tastw
Cheese
Bacteria curdles the protein in milk, causing it to solidify and taste different
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Enzymes and digestion
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Without enzymes, most chemical reactions would take too much time to complete
Enzymes are specific in their action, eg they act only one specific type of substance
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Enzymes and digestion II
Before our body can make use of energy and nutrients in the food we eat, the food must be digested
When food is digested, the large food molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules which can be taken in by our body cells
The end products of digestion, such as simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol can be absorbed into the blood and transported to other parts of the body unlike large molecules of undigested food
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After digestion, the small molecules of digested food are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the blood by diffusion
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Why do we need to eat
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One of the cellular activities is respiration, through which energy is released to carry out processes such as growth and tissue repair
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Constipation
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When undigested food reaches the large intestine from the small intestine, water is constantly absorbed from it
If there is not enough water, the faeces dry out and become harder
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Stomach
Physical digestion
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Peristalsis also mixes the food well with gastric juice so as to ensure that food and juices are well mixed
Chemical digestion
The stomach releases gastric juice that contains proteases to digest proteins to form partially digested proteins
Other functions
The stomach releases gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid which kills harmful microorganisms and provides acidic medium for the protease to act
The stomach releases gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid, which kills harmful microorganisms and provides acidic medium for the protease to act
The stomach has a thick layer of mucus to protect its tissues from damage caused by hydrochloric acid and proteases in the gastric juice
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Large intestine, rectum, anus
At the large intestine, some of the remaining water and mineral salts in the food are absorbed here
At the rectum, indigestible food and waste form faeces, which is temporarily stored here before it leaves the body
At the anus, faeces is released through this opening
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Gatric pain
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Possible causes
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Lifestyle habitats like skipping meals, consuming alcohol, caffeine and too much oily food
Food poisoning
Eating food contaminated by bacteria can lead to diarrhoea or vomiting as it is the body's way of getting rid of harmful bacteria
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