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Geography Chapter 11 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Drivers may become frustrated and display aggressive behavious or lose concentration, increasing the risk of traffic congestion
  - - - This translates to higher carbon dioxide emission, increasing carbon footprint and worsened air quality
- - - - High proportion of senior residents
      - High accident rates involving senior pedestrians
      - Proximity to amenities frequented by seniors
- - - - Road safety campaigns raise awareness and educate all road users of practising good road safety habits
    - - Cities are reducing transport demand by constraining vehicle ownership and road usage
        
        At the same time, cities have to increase the supply of public transport and promote the use of other environmentally friendly transport modes
        
        People are likely to change their travel habts when they find it costly to own or use private transport and traveling by public transport, bicycle or foot more efficient and affordable
    - - Drivers are charged a premium when they use certain roads during specific time periods
        
        This makes driving costlier compared to using public transport
    - - Regulations on vehicle usage have to be tightly enforced to ensure the effectiveness of road pricing
    - - Since congestion pricing in stolkhom became official in 2007, traffic in and out of the city centre has reduced by approximately 20% and traffic delays have decreased to 30 by 50%
        
        Furthermore, revenue from the congestion pricing system is then used to support the development of public transport
  - - - Land use planning refers to where and how land should be used
      - Land use planning is key in shaping the demand for travel and distance needed to travel
      - Eg when business parks and commercial centres offering employment opportunities are planned near residential areas, the need for long distance commute is reduced
    - - Good planning ensures that transport facilities and services are able to move people and goods in a safe affordable, convenient and environmentally friendly manner
    - - It takes time and involves huge investments in infrastructure design and development
        
        Eg to encourage active mobility, designing and developing pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure is key
        
        The walkable distance from a location known as the pedestrian shed is usually defined as 5 mins or 400m walk
        
        Have wide, shaded paths with attractive building facades and shopfronts within pedestrian sheds helps to provide comfortable walking experiences
- - - - Greener building materials and techniques also developed for transport infrastrcuture
  - - - Information on bus arrival times as well as the availability of seats and wheelchair facilities on public transport can help commuters better plan their journeys, making public transport an attractive mode of transport
        
        Apps have challenges eg inaccurate information of bus arrival timings may cause additional inconvenience to commuters
        
        Ongoing R&D seeks to minimise these challenges
  - - - The first fleet of fully electric buses hit SG roads in 2020 and authorities are looking to expanding the number of electric buses in service
        
        Neighbouring countries eg Malaysia and Indonesia have also introduced electric buses
        
        Despite their benefits, EVs are more expensive than conventional vehicles
        
        A fully electric bus costs 2x as much as a conventional diesel bus
        
        More R&D is needed to reduce the cost of EVs before they can play a bigger part in public transport systems in the future
  - - - This could potentially prevent road accidents and improve road safety
        
        AVs also use fuel efficient technology that reduces emission and energy consumption
        
        Unfortunately, R&Ds for AVs require huge amounts of investment and is time consuming
        
        There may be safety and cybersecurity challenges to overcome before AVs can become a common features to our roads
  - - - Cities should also continually review the measures adopted
- - - - Excessive noise can disturb sleep, reducing work performance and provoke annoyance, cause mental stress, result in hearing impairment and even trigger heart related illnesses
  - - - Large crowds increase risks of crimes such as theft and outrage of modesty
        
        To ensure the safety of female passengers, some cities have designed gender segregated transportation
        
        Terminals may also become targets of terrorist attacks due to their visibility and significance
        
        The growth in passenger traffic means more resources needs to be deployed to safeguard the well being of passengers at these terminals
- - - - Changing the physical environment impacts all who are dependent on it
        
        Therefore assessing the impact that transport development has on the physical environment is crucial
    - - Road development can divide forests into smaller fragments reducing the size of animal habitats are restricting animal movement
      - When animals try to cross busy roads to get to the other side of the forest, they become victims of roadkill after they collide with vehicles
      - Means of mitigating such effects include creating overpasses or wildlife corridors
    - - In order to make downtown Sg more accessible, part of the Sg river was temporarily diverted for the construction of MRT tunnels connecting the downtown line stations fort canning and chinatown
      - The original waterway was restored after the completion of tunnels
  - - - When petrol id burnt to provide energy, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are prorduced
        
        This contributes to carbon footprint
    - - Many greenhouse gases are natural occurring in the atmosphere
      - The trap heat and keep the earth warm
      - However excessive concentration of greenhouse gases as a result of human activities leads to the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming