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Approaches - Coggle Diagram

- - - - increased understanding of the bio. processes in the brain
        
        dev. of psychoactive drugs that treat serious mental illnesses
        
        sufferers are able to manage their condition
        
        live relatively well , reducing burden on NHS
        
        highlights the psychological value
        
        positive impact for society
    - - Twins and family all have genetic similarities
        
        argues they should behave similarly on a genetic basis
        
        BUT
        
        it ignores environmental conditions
        
        can't explain why MZ does not have a 100% concordance rate
        
        SO
        
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    - - says human behaviour is governed by internal causes
        
        genetics which we have no control over
        
        ignores influence of free will
        
        we often have the choice in how we behave
        
        SO
        
        criminal can't be held accountable for their actions as their behaviour is a consequence of their genes
        
        invalidates victims and offers excuses
        
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  - - - non-identical twins (DZ)
        
        share 50% of genes
        
        dizygotic
      - identical (MZ)
        
        share 100% of genes
        
        monozygotic
  - - - you would expect to see a higher concordance rate
        
        the closer the degree of relatedness is.
  - - - neurochemistry
      - nervous system
      - genes
  - - - enable us to see the influence of nature vs nurture
    - - aggressive behaviour in:
        
        adopted children
        
        +
        
        adopted family
        
        enviromental
        
        bio. parents
        
        genetic
  - - - we have 50% of mother's genes and 50% of father's.
        
        explains why
        
        we may share both physical and psychological characteristics with our parents
    - - how the genes are developed/expressed depends on
        
        interaction between
        
        nurture
        
        nature
  - - - physical appearance of that genotype in the individual
        
        determined by the genes
        
        it is the combination of genes and the environment.
    - - the genetic makeup that is written in the DNA of an individual's cells
  - - - how this characteristic develops partly depends on the interaction of
        
        the environment
        
        the genes with other genes
  - - - resources (food)
      - any inherited trait that increases reproductive success
        
        fitness
      - NATURAL SELECTION
      - successful traits become more widespread in the population
        
        any traits unsuited for the environment will die out
    - - some of this some is inherited
      - those who have adapted characteristics
        
        more likely to survive and reproduce
        
        behaviours will pass on
        
        these become more widespread
        
        thus these will be passed on to increase chances of survival
- - - - not determined by external forces
  - - - 1
        
        2
        
        3
        
        4
        
        5
        
        SELF ACTUALISATION
        
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        ESTEEM
        
        good self image
        
        confidence
        
        BELONGING
        
        family
        
        relationships
        
        SAFTEY
        
        saftey
        
        security
        
        PHYSIOLOGICAL
        
        water
        
        rest
        
        food
    - - we meet the other needs first
  - - - feelings of:
        
        self worth
        
        develop in childhood through
        
        interactions with parents and significant others
  - - - healthy psychological development and helps people reach self-actualisation
    - - stem from a lack of UPR from parents as a child
        
        only accepted if you behave how they want you to behave
  - - - have to be fulfilled in order to
        
        earn positive regard from these people.
    - - they meet certain conditions
        
        leads to:
        
        low self esteem
        
        prevention of self-actualisation
  - - - MATCHES
        
        deal self (who you would like to be)
  - - - you are in a state of incongruence
    - - negative self worth
        
        SO
        
        self-actualisation impossible
  - - - close the gap between the two selves
      - help ppl w/ the problems of everyday living
    - - sessions are led by the client not the therapist
      - aimed to achieve congruence within someone
      - all can reach their full potential using this therapy
      - focused on the relationship between therapist and client
      - client driven agenda
    - - empathy and ability to understand the other's feelings, expressed or unexpressed
        
        hollistic approach
      - intuitive
        
        knows body language and could hear from tone of voice and reflect inner essence of what they're saying
    - - patient implies that something is wrong and it needs to be cured
        
        emphasised how the individual was making their own choices
        
        to seek help and overcome difficulties.
  - - - congruence and self-actualisation are vague
        
        the methods used to test this don't produce objective data
        
        unstructured interviews
        
        methods are subjective and open to bias
        
        don't show cause and effect
        
        SO
        
        lack of empirical evidence to support approach
        
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    - - believes humans have free will over choices
        
        all are able to achieve full potential and are free
        
        not reduced down to predetermined devices that we have no control over
        
        considers ability to determine own behaviour
        +
        takes into account subjective experience
        
        when taking a pos. approach, people who
        
        do self-destructing behaviour
        
        1 more item...
        
        are not interested in self-actualising
        
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    - - Rogers developed client centred therapy
        
        still used to date in
        
        social systems
        
        education
        
        healthcare
        
        demonstrates psych. value
        +
        improves people's QoL.
        
        clients directing the sessions means its more effective in helping them
        
        OPPOSED TO
        
        telling them what to do
        
        HOWEVER
        
        limited
        
        schizophrenics would find this difficult
        
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- - - - great influence on our adult lives that shape personality
    - - esp. parent-child
    - - feelings
      - behaviours
      - thoughts
  - - - each stage marked by a different conflict that the child must resolve
        
        SO
        
        they can be psychologically healthy
        
        AND
        
        progress to the next stage
    - - but are unconscious of it and unaware
    - - results in becoming fixated at a stage
        
        this will carry certain behaviours into adulthood
  - - - focus of pleasure in genital area
        
        superego forms
      - child experiences oedipus + electra complex
        
        detail here
      - successful completion
        
        =
        
        identification w/ same sex parent
      - unresolved
        
        =
        
        homosexual
        
        reckless
        
        narcissistic
    - - earlier conflicts are repressed
    - - focus of pleasure in anus
        
        ego develops
      - successful completion
        
        =
        
        potty trained
      - unresolved
        
        =
        
        anal expulsive
        
        harshly potty trained
        
        perfectionist // obbsessive
        
        anal retentive
        
        messy // thoughtless
        
        lenient potty trained)
    - - sexual desire becomes more conscious
        
        ALONGSIDE
        
        onset of puberty
      - successful completion
        
        =
        
        forming healthy relationships
      - unresolved
        
        =
        
        difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
    - - focus of pleasure in mouth
        
        only id is present
      - successful completion
        
        =
        
        eating independently
      - unresolved
        
        =
        
        oral behaviour
        
        e,g
        
        smoking // nail-biting
  - - - DENIAL
        
        refusing to accept some aspect of reality
        
        act like the event never happened
      - RATIONALISM
        
        controversial behaviours are justified and explained in a rational manner
        
        avoid the true explanation
      - REPRESSION
        
        forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious into the unconscious
        
        automatic but still affects behaviour
        
        E.G
        
        Child w/ no recollection of abuse but still has issues forming relationships
      - DISPLACMENT
        
        redirecting thoughts/feelings (usually hostile) from the source of distress
        
        TO
        
        another person/object
  - - - are like opposites thus they are always in conflict
        
        ego balances them out and stops conflict by using defence mechanisms
    - - formed at 5 (phallic stage)
      - 'morality principle'
      - represents moral standards of soc. and same sex parent
      - causes feelings of guilt when rules are broken.
    - - develops at age 2
      - 'reality principle'
      - mediates between Id and Superego
        
        delay satisfying id until a better time
      - role is to reduce conflict (using defence mechs)
    - - present at birth
      - 'pleasure principle'
      - entirely selfish part of out personalities
        
        demands immediate satisfaction
      - made up of unconscious desires and instincts
  - - - preconscious mind
        
        contains our thoughts and memories which aren't in conscious awareness
        
        but can be accessed if desired
      - conscious mind
        
        part of our mind that we know and are aware of
      - unconscious mind
        
        part of the mind that we are unaware of
        
        drives much of our behaviour and personality
        
        ACCESS
        
        freaudian slips
        
        dreams
  - - - used to explain a wide range of phenomena
        
        personality development and abnormal behaviour
        
        draws attention to connection between childhood experiences and later dev.
        
        a therapy (psychoanalysis) has been developed, designed to access the unconscious.
        
        patients suffering with mild neuroses
        
        improved their quality of life through the use of psychoanalysis
        
        CRITIQUE
        
        not effective for severe issues
        
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      - has irl app. to an extent; limited explan.
    - - concepts of id, ego, superego don't meet scientific criteria
        
        all occur at an unconscious level
        
        difficult to test
        
        doesn't meet falsification/empirical evidence as it cannot be directly
        
        disproved
        
        observed
        
        HOWEVER
        
        Fisher&Greenberg (1996)
        
        2.5K studies that had used scientific methods to test these concepts
        
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    - - suffers from 'psychic determinism'
        
        argues all behaviour is driven by unconscious forces
        
        rooted in childhood.
        
        ignoring the fact that individuals have free will in how
        they choose to behave
        
        INSTEAD
        
        views our behaviour as being determined by factors we have no control over.
        
        limited explanation of human behaviour.
- - - - in helping the development of more effective health campaigns
        
        maximise effectiveness campaigns by
        
        match the character that models desired behaviour w/ target audience
        
        E.G
        
        HPV Campaigns tend to
        
        have women involved due to
        
        1 more item...
        
        research supports campaigns have been most effective
        
        WHEN
        
        similarity to role model was increased.
        
        1 more item...
    - - argues that behaviour is a sole consequence of SL
        
        doesn't consider to role other factors play in influencing behaviour
        
        E.G
        
        doesn't include details of biological influences
        
        Bandura's study:
        boys are more aggressive than girls regardless of the specifics
        
        there are other factors other than SL
        
        increase in behaviours of the boys may have been due to hormonal factors
        testosterone levels
        
        limited approach
        &
        incomplete explanation
        
        fails to acknowledge any other factors
    - - Bandura conducted a study
        
        state findings of study
        
        support SLT
        
        SL can take place through observing role models
        
        as the children were imitating behaviour observed
        
        if model is more similar to child, they're more likely to identify
        
        HOWEVER
        
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  - - - and being either
        
        REWARDED
        
        PUNISHED
        
        DIRECTLY
        
        then
        
        observing consequences of
        
        actions of others
        
        1 more item...
        
        our own actions
        
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  - - - behaviour is much learned through experience
    - - STIMULUS = cognitive process = RESPONSE
      - cognitive
        
        that occur between stimulus and response
      - mental process
  - - - procedure
        
        findings
        
        children who observed aggressive behaviour
        
        =
        
        carried out
        
        physical
        
        1 more item...
        
        verbal
        
        1 more item...
        
        children who observed gentle behaviour
        
        =
        
        displayed no aggression
        
        children more likely to imitate
        
        IF
        
        model was the same gender
        
        sample
        
        3-5 year olds
        
        72 children
        
        36 girls
        36 boys
        
        half of kids watched
        
        adult model play with Bobo doll
        
        aggressively
        
        THEN
        
        placed in a room full of
        
        1 more item...
        
        gently
      - to investigate if
        
        behaviour (aggression) can be
        
        learned through observations of
        
        models
  - - - we don't automatically observe a models behaviour and then imitate
        
        there are internal processes that occur
        
        "mediational"
        
        which will determine whether the behaviour is learned or not
        
        ARRM
    - - RETENTION
        
        behaviour is not always noticed
        
        BUT
        
        it can be remembered
        
        if well remembered THEN memory of it forms
      - REPRODUCTION
        
        ability of the observer to reproduce the behaviour
      - ATTENTION
        
        must be noticed to be imitated
      - MOTIVATION
        
        the will to try perform the behaviour
        
        influenced by whether the behaviour was
        
        punished
        
        rewarded
    - - VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT
        
        learning through observation of consequences of other's behaviour
        
        behaviour is more likely to be imitated if rewarded
        
        individuals do not need to directly experience rewards/punishments to learn
      - IDENTIFICATION
        
        extent a person relates to a model and thinks they'll experience the same outcomes
        
        more likely to identify with people the same age/gender
      - MODELLING + IMITATION
        
        role model carries out a behaviour/attitude
        
        provide examples of these behaviours which is imitated (copied)
  - - - Findings
        
        kids who saw the model being rewarded
        
        were more likely to imitate
        
        aggressive behaviour
        
        AND
        
        show higher levels of aggression
        
        1 more item...
      - showed kids videos of
        
        adults behaviour being
        
        aggressive
        
        WHERE
        
        adults punished
        
        no consequence
        
        adults rewarded for behaviour
- - - - rigorous methods used to investigate assumptions
        
        research investigating uses highly controlled lab exps
        
        enable inference for cognitive processes
        
        allows objective data to be produced
        
        high controls meant there is a possibility to replicate to test reliability
        
        focuses on exp methods
        
        SO
        
        1 more item...
        
        BUT
        
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    - - comparing the human mind to a computer is not a good analogy
        
        focus mainly on the logical aspects of cognitive processing
        
        less on the emotional + social aspects that also affect thinking
        
        E.G
        
        human memory
        
        been shown to be affected by emotional factors
        
        1 more item...
        
        no recognition for how much more complex
        humans are than machines
        
        suffers with machine reductionism
        
        by ignoring the
        influence other factors have on our thinking
        
        1 more item...
    - - CN aids understanding neurological basis of mental health disorders
        
        led to the development of treatments
        
        CBT for depression
      - cognitive psychology has made important contributions AI
        
        VIA computer analogy
      - benefited society across a range of areas
        
        psychological value of the cognitive approach.
        
        health
        +
        technology
        by improving the lives of individuals suffering with depression
  - - - when new info changes our understanding so we then create a new schema
    - - cognitive psychology draws conclusions about
        
        how mental processes work on the basis of observed behaviour
    - - adding new information on to an existing schema
    - - 'package' of beliefs and expectations on a topic
        
        which develop from prior experience
        
        act as a cognitive framework
        
        helps organise and interpret information
      - as we get older
        
        schema becomes more detailed and complex through experience
      - affect behaviour
  - - - for 20 yrs
        
        scientists have:
        systematically observe
        +
        describe
        the neurological basis on mental processes
  - - - linked to faulty thinking processes
        
        irrational thoughts + beliefs
    - - should be studied
        
        studies it indirectly by inferring what is going on from evidence gathered
      - use lab experiments
        
        COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - AREA IN MEMORY
        
        research shows ppl only remember 5-9 items on a memory test
        (capacity of STM)
    - - if we don't look at medational processes
        
        it is an incomplete explanation
    - - mind can be viewed as a computer
      - Input
        
        Processing
        
        Output
        
        Human
        
        behaviour
        
        thoughts
        
        speech
        
        Computer
        
        Music
        
        Images
        
        Text
        
        Human
        
        mind processes info into electric neural activity
        
        interpreted and used by parts of the brain
        
        Computer
        
        Interpret and process info
        
        E.G
        
        storing data to a hard drive
        
        Human
        
        mind receives enviro stimuli from the senses
        
        Computer
        
        Alphanumerics codes complete specific actions
  - - - helps show parts of the brain that are active when brain is doing certain tasks
    - - useful in establishing the neurological basis of some mental disorders
        
        OCD + hippocampal gyrus
        
        these disorders can be better understood
        
        treatments can be created to support these individuals.
    - - to observe the effects of strokes on the brain
- - - - proposes all behaviour has a cause
        
        prediticable
      - free will is an illusion
        
        our behaviour is governed by internal and external forces
        
        we have no control over
      - environmentally deterministic
        
        behaviour is determined by environment
        
        ignores free will
  - - - research supporting is based on the experimental method
        
        Skinner's use of the Skinner box allowed him to
        
        manipulate the IV and see effects on DV
        
        whilst
        
        using controlled conditions and eliminate extraneous variables
        
        it allows us to establish a cause+effect relationship
        
        1 more item...
    - - use of animals - ethical guidelines broken
        
        BPS guidelines (protection from harm) was broken
        
        Skinner's box, animals were under stressful conditions
        
        Electrical Shocks
        
        animals under stress react differently in experimental conditions
        
        COMPARED TO
        
        if they were relaxed
        
        1 more item...
    - - classical + operant conditioning have led to real life app.
        
        token economy systems have been successfully used in prisons
        
        reward good behaviour for privileges
        
        Operant
        
        used to develop treatments to overcome phobias
        
        Classical
        
        SD:
        
        stopping the anxiety response (CR) that is
        
        associated with the feared objects (CS)
        
        approach can be used to better lives of people in society & life in instituions
        
        highlights the psychological value of the behaviourist approach
  - - - Pavlov 1897
        
        Pavlov noticed that dogs would tend to salivate more
        
        when they saw/smelt food
        
        They’d also salivate when hearing footsteps of assistants
        
        dogs learnt footsteps = food
        
        Procedure
        
        Dog is given food as usual
        
        Dog salivates when seeing/smelling the food
        
        Bell (NS) is sounded every time dog is given food (UCS)
        
        1 more item...
        
        UCR
        
        UCS
      - learning through association
        
        when (e.g. a food) is consistently associated with another stimulus (e.g. a bell)
        
        until the new stimulus eventually produces the original response e.g salivation
    - - Skinner 1953
        
        Negative R. Condition
        
        Rat placed in box and experiences unpleasant electric shocks
        
        Rat triggers lever (accidental) as it explores the box
        
        triggered to shut off electric current in electroplated floorr
        
        unpleasant shocks were removed
        
        1 more item...
        
        Positive R. Condition
        
        Hungry rat placed in box
        
        Rat triggers lever (accidental) as it explores the box
        
        When lever triggered food pellet was dispensed
        
        reward
        
        The consequence of food from pressing the lever
        
        1 more item...
        
        Skinners Box
        
        Each box contains diff stimuli
        
        Lever
        
        dispenses food pellets
        
        reward
        
        Electroplated floor
        
        electricutes rat
        
        punishment
      - behaviour is shaped by its consequences
        
        learning is an active process
        
        humans and animals operate on their environment
      - Forms
        
        Punishment
        
        unpleasant consequence of behaviour
        
        given a detention
        
        DECREASES likelihood of behaviour being repeated
        
        Reinforcment
        
        Negative
        
        doing something that avoids something unpleasant
        
        Positive
        
        receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
        
        INCREASES likelihood of behaviour being repeated
  - - - reinforcing every time a desirable behaviour is performed
        
        effective in establishing a particular response
    - - CR appears to have been extinguished, it my sometimes reappear at a later time
    - - reinforcing every nth time the behaviour is shown
        
        effective in maintaining behaviour and avoiding extinction
    - - if the CS is presented a few times without the UCS, it eventually stops producing the CR
    - - once conditioned, they will respond in the same way to other stimuli similar to the CS