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Functionalism, Globalisation, Marxism, Neo-Marxism - Coggle Diagram
Functionalism
Merton's Strain Theory:
- goals unable to be achieved legitimately, so frustration created and leads to deviance to achieve goals "Strain to anomie"
- Conformity: legitimate means to achieve goals
- Innovation: illegitimate means to achieve goals
- Ritualism: give up on goals, dead-end jobs
- Retreatism: reject illegitimate and legitimate and become drop-outs
- Rebellion: rebel against current means to get new ways of success
LC and WC and ethnic minorities more likely to commit crimes due to position in social structure - LC crimes higher as they have least opportunity to obtain wealth legitimately
Cohen: -
Criticses Merton, says he focuses on the individuality of crime too much, and focusing too much on utilitarian crime
- Deviance of WC boys, face anomie, lack skills to achieve, low status, so achieve "status' through boys in a similar situation (STATUS FRUSTRATION)
- Subcultures praise deviance/inversion of norms
EVALUATION:
- Offers explanations for non-utilitarian crimes
- Assumes WC start off sharing same success goals as MC.
- Miller: believes deliquency is not caused by strain between cultural goals and the normal way of achieving them
Cloward and Ohlin:
- WC youth denied legitimate opportunities, different subcultures react differently - Criminal subculture: youths start a "career" in utilitarian crime, occur where there is a criminal hierarchy
- Conflict subculture: from low social cohesion and high population turnover, high levels of disorganisation
- Retreatist subculture: result of unsuccessful in society and in conflict and criminal subcultures, double failures
CRTICISMS: - Ignore crimes of the wealthy, over predict crimes of WC - Miller argues WC subcultures aim to achieve their own goals, not mainstream
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Durkheim
- Crime is inevitable and beneficial to society, the right amount of crime prevents anomie.
- Boundary maintenance: creates a reaction from society, uniting them against the criminal displaying social solidarity.
- All change has began from an act of defiance, too much crime threatens bonds of society, but too little is repressive and prevents change.
Davis: crime is positive, prostitution lets men release sexual frustrations without threatening nuclear family
Polsky: porn helps channel sexual desires away from adultery which harms the nuclear family
Cohen: warning that an institution isn't functioning properly
EVALUATION:
- only focus of positives but ignores crimes such as murder and rape
- explain crime as if it were meant to be in society, but society could function without crime
- crime does not always promote social solidatrity, brings people apart, causes isolation between groups (terrorism etc)
CRITICISM OF MERTON:
- Too deterministic and unrealistic
- Marxists: ignores powder of RC and laws made which criminalise the poor and not the rich
- Only accounts for utilitarian crimes
Miller WC subculture:
- Fate: life already predetermined, nothing to lose, can't change
- Excitement: when not at work look for thrills
- Autonomy: strive for independence, less reliance on others
- Smartness: outwitting others, smart remarks, gambling, banter
- Trouble: may find themselves in trouble thrill seeking
- Toughness: wish to prove themselves, not backing down on argument
Hirschi Bonds:
- Weak bonds areb't enough for someone to commit a crime, opportunity allows this to happen
Social bonds tie them to conformity, restrain them from committing crime:
- Belief: extent to agreement with society, morality, what feels deviant
- Attachment: goals through activities, employment, family, leading to conformity, fear of rejection
- Commitment: don't want to let down, avoid social stigma of criminality
- Involvement: through community because of commitments
Globalisation
New types of crime:
- Drugs trade: $300 billion per year; cultivated in third world countries with large impoverished populations
- Human trafficking: 2000 organs per year, trafficked for sex and slavery.
- Financial crime: money laundering easier with relaxing of international banking laws
- Cybercrime: from growth of technology, cyber fraud, theft, terrorism, violence, hacking.
- Transnational and Organised Crime: McMafia, Italian Mafia, Yakuza
- Terrorism: technological advancements make international terrorism easier, online radicalisation
Impact:
- Bauman: individualism, people are better able to weigh the costs and benefits of their decisions to gain the highest rewards - leads to people taking part in criminal activity to achieve a consumer lifestyle.
- More opporunities for crime, technological advances e.g.
- Disorganised capitalism: fewer controls over business and finance, transnationally move money, manufacturing, waste disposal, staff around the world to increase profit; Taylor: led to job insecurity, less social cohesion, fewer job opportunities
- Beck: Risk society created, hard to pinpoint who is responsible for crime, leads to hate crime, racially motivated crimes
- Problems with policing: transnational crimes requires cooperation between many different law enforcement agencies, difficult to determine jurisdiction
- Taylor: more inequality, winners from Globalisation are rich financial investors
EVALUATION: - Focuses on the newest, most dramatic and serious crime
- Led to more connectedness between law enforcement agencies globally
- Difficult to investigate
- Dependency on secondary sources
Easily exaggerated
Karofi and Mwanza: Globalisation has led to a global crime economy, opening new opportunities for crime and new types of crime
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McMafia Franchise Model: like McDonald’s, they expand through franchises, networks allow local groups to operate, often merging with ex-communist officials and thugs.
Marxism, Neo-Marxism
- Capitalism is criminogenic, due to exploitation of WC, frustration from WC leads to violence
- Gordon: crime is a rational reaction, hence why found in all social classes
Selective Law Enforcement means CJS applies Law to different groups differently
- WC and ethnic minorities are criminalised.
- Selective law making, laws are socially constructed to benefit the rich
- Box: crime committed by rich protected by the law (healthy and safety laws).
- Chambliss: law shaped to protect property and profits of the rich
- Ideological functions of crime give reason for social control from RC to prevent revolution (criminals portrayed as disturbed rather than reveal capitalist role in making people criminals)
- Pearce: laws occasionally passed which look like they benefit WC, but actually loophole to benefit RC (2007 corporate homicide law, in first 8 years only 1 successful prosecution).
EVALUATION:
- Ignores other causes of crime - Romanticises criminals
- Crime in communist states?
- Ignores victims of crimes
- Law makers in modern democracies are elected