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lecture 1: Explaining Brain & Behavior, Cause → Effect - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bridge laws link levels (e.g., psychology → biology)
    - - often fails in practice: Higher-level concepts not fully replaceable
    - - Explaining higher-level phenomena using lower-level components
  - - - HOW actually?
    - - emergent properties
    - - more complex
  - - - Uses abstract mental processes (e.g., memory, perception)
    - - Helps generate hypotheses about cognition
    - - WHY does a function occur?
    - - Underdetermined → multiple models can explain same data
- - - - Mutual Manipulability
        
        bottom-up approach
        
        start at brain level
        
        Manipulate neural activity
        
        Observe effects on behavior
        
        constitutive relevance
        
        top-down approach
        
        Start at behavioral/cognitive level
        
        Manipulate task or mental process
        
        Measure brain changes