Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
lecture 2: history, Galen (~200 AD) - Coggle Diagram
lecture 2: history
mapping the cortex
Brodmann
Identified 52 distinct tissue types in the human cortex using staining
Broca's area
speech production
Wernick's area
language comprehension
"double dissociation"
Communication and Mathematical Modeling
Discovery of chemical transmission
Otto Loewi (1873-1961)
action potential equations
Hodgkin–Huxley (1950s)
"logical calculus" (AND, OR, NOT functions)
McCulloch & Pitts (1943)
psychological science
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1922)
psychologist
Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)
Psychophysics
Donders (1818-1889)
subtraction method
to isolate the
duration of mental processes
Ancient Foundations of Brain Science
Early Rationalism: Egypt and Greece
Pythagoras (550 BC)
"
metempsychosis
"—the idea that an immortal soul survives death to be reincarnated (early dualism)
coined the term
philosopher
Thales of Miletus (550 BC)
Deductive reasoning; theory of psuchẽ (mind/soul)
Plato (400 BC)
Theory of Forms; allegory of the cave
Edwin Smith Papyrus (1500 BC)
First anatomical descriptions of the brain
Aristotle (300 BC)
Motivation (urges, desires, libido); soul as purpose of body
Humoral Theory and Early Physiology
mechanistic turn
Discovery of Electrical Brain Activity
Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)
discovered that stimulating dead frog nerves with electricity caused muscle movement
Fritsch and Hitzig (1870)
Demonstrated that electrical stimulation of a dog's sensory-motor cortex produced movement.
Richard Caton (1875)
Recorded electrical activity in the exposed brains of rabbits.
Hans Berger (1924)
Recorded the first human Electroencephalogram (EEG), identifying 10 Hz timing.
Cartesian Dualism (17th Century)
Rene Descartes
Hollow tubes through which "animal spirits" flow to inflate muscles
nerve bundles being used for transmission
Vaucanson’s "digesting duck."
The Islamic Golden Age and Scientific Expansion (800–1300 AD)
House of Wisdom (Baghdad)
Al-Bīrūnī
First description of reaction time
Alhazen
"intromission" theory
—the idea that light enters the eye rather than being emitted by it (optic chiasm)
Al-Balkhi
Emotional disorders; mind–body link
Neural doctrine
Discovery of the neuron
Cajal (1852–1934)
function anatomy
soma: integration
axon: conduction
dendrites: input
terminal: release
gliacells
Schwann cells → myelin only single axons (PNS)
Astrocytes → support & regulation (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes → myelin (CNS)
Microglia → immune defense (CNS)
Types
structural
bipolar
One dendrite + one axon
multipolar
Multiple dendrites + one axon
monopolar
Single extension from soma
functional
motor
multipolar
interneuron
multipolar
sensory
monopolar (touch/pain)
bipolar (vision)
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) George Combe (1788 –1858)
Phrenology
Galen (~200 AD)
Choleric (yellow bile)
Bad temper and anger.
Melancholic (black bile)
Sleeplessness and irritation.
sanguine (blood)
Courage, hope, and love.
Phlegmatic (brain)
Rationality; in dominance, it would dull emotions.