Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology - Coggle Diagram
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy vs. Physiology
Physiology
: The study of the function of stuctures
special physiology
: the physiology of specific organs
cell physiology
: the functions of living cells
Includes the chemical and molecular levels
systemic physiology
: the function of specific organ systems
pathological physiology or pathology
: the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Anatomy
: The study of the body structures
Anatomy and Physiology are closely related!
The form of anatomical structures is tied to the function(s) each is able to perform.
2 major subdivisions
macroscopic "gross" anatomy
:
the study of structures one can see with the naked eye.
Regional anatomy
: studying all of the
structures in a particular area (“region”)
of the body.
surface anatomy
: a study of visible
landmarks on the exterior of the body.
These landmarks help one relate to the
deeper anatomical structures.
systemic anatomy
: studying
structures that work together to
accomplish a specific function
microscopic anatomy:
the study of structures one can only see with an assistive device like a microscope.
cytology
: a study of the
structure of individual cells.
histology
:a study of the structure of
tissues.
Other divisions
pathological anatomy
:a study of how disease affects structures. This could be at the macroscopic or microscopic level
developmental anatomy
: a study of how structures change between conception and death.
radiologic anatomy
:a study of
macroscopic structures using various
imaging techniques.
Levels of Organization
Chemical Level
:
The simplest level of organization consisting of atoms and molecules
atoms
: the smallest unit of an element
consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
molecule
: 2 or more atoms that are chemically bonded together
Cellular Level:
Molecules interact to form organelles and cells.
cells:
the smallest living unit of a living organism
The first level of organization in which we see properties of life! Body is made of trillions of cells.
Tissue Level:
Cells interact to form tissues
tissue:
a tissue is composed of similar cells working together to perform a specific funtion
4 types of tissue:
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
Organ Level
:
Tissues interact to form organs
organ:
a specialized structure of the body that performs a specific task and is composed of several different types of tissue
Organ System Level:
Organs interact to form organ systems
organ system:
a collection of organs that work together to carry out specific functions in the body
11 organ systems
The Integumentary System
hair, skin, nails
protection and thermal regulation
The Skeletal System
bones, cartilage
structure and protection
The Muscular System
muscles
movement, protection and support for tissue
The Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves
provides and interprets sensory information and directs immediate response to stimuli
The Endocrine System
glands, pancreas, ovaries/testes
whole body communication using chemical messengers called hormones
The Cardiovascular System
heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
transports materials through the body including nutrients waste, and gasses
The Lymphatic System
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen
defends against infection and disease and transports water
The Respiratory System
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
exchange gases such as o2 and co2
The Digestive System
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/ large intestine, liver, pancreas, gall bladder
obtain water and nutrients from food
The Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
remove waste and excess water from blood
The Reproductive System
mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
testes, ductus deferens, prostate gland, penis
produce eggs, receive sperm, fetal support and development. produce and deliver sperm
Organism Level:
the collection of all organ systems working together to sustain life of the organism
Homeostasis
The maintenance of internal environment suitable for cell activities
organ systems that control homeostasis:
nervous system and endocrine system
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
receptor
- the part of the body that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus
control center or integration center
-receives and processes information from the receptor
effector
- a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or enhances the stimulus
negative feedback
- a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation
ex: temperature regulation
positive feedback
- an initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
ex: oxytocin released during birth
Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Position of the Body
When the body is in this position, the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are together. The body is erect and the person is face forward.
Frontal or Coronal
Midsagittal
Transverse
Body Cavities
closed, fluid-filled spaces lined by a thin tissue layer called a serous membrane
Dorsal Cavity
has two subdivisions separated by the foramen magnum of the skull
Cranial Cavity
the superior part of the dorsal body cavity enclosed by the skull, holds the brain
Spinal/ Vertebral Cavity
the inferior part of the dorsal body cavity enclosed by the vertebrae, contains the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
has two subdivisions separated by the muscular diaphragm
Thoracic Cavity
superior to the diaphragm, some organs here are surrounded by serous membranes
Pulmonary Cavities
a right and a left pulmonary cavity, each filled with a lung
Mediastinum
intermediate to the pulmonary cavities, contains organs like the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, some major blood vessels
Abdominopelvic Cavity
inferior to the diaphragm
Abdominal Cavity
there is no physical structure that separates this from the pelvic cavity
Pelvic Cavity
the more inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
The quadrants are formed using an imaginary midsagittal line and a transverse line through the umbilicus. RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
Abdominopelvic Regions
9 regions are formed using two imaginary sagittal lines through the collarbone, one transverse line just inferior to the rib margin and one transverse line at the level of the iliac crest.
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
Serous Cavities
a serous membrane is a moist slippery membrane containing epithelial tissue and some connective tissue, can be called serosa.
parietal layer
the outer layer of the membrane
visceral layer
the inner layer of the membrane that touches the organ
pleura
around the lungs
The
parietal pleura
is the outer portion of the membrane, it lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
The
visceral pleura
adheres directly to the surface of the lung. The
pleural cavity
is the space in between the 2 layers and it is filled with
pleural fluid
peritoneal membrane
around some abdominopelvic organs
The
parietal peritoneum
is the outer portion of the membrane, it lines the inside of the abdominal cavity
The
visceral peritoneum
adheres directly to the surface of the abdominal organs The
peritoneal cavity
is the space in between the 2 layers.
pericardial membrane
around the heart
The
parietal pericardium
is the outer portion of the membrane and forms a "wall" around the heart
The
visceral pericardium
adheres directly to the surface of the heart. The
pericardial cavity
is the space in between the 2 layers and it is filled with
pericardial fluid
