Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Atmosphere & weathering - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Convection: where the ground heats the air above
      - Conduction: heat transfer between air and ground where they are in contact
    - - its the transfer of heat when a substance ( water/ water vapors) changes state
        
        evaporation
        
        Dew
    - - during the day
        
        Sun is out, ground is heated
      - At night
        
        less shortwave radiation, more longwave radiation
- - - - Conduction heating, land heats the air above it
      - becomes less dense and rises
      - It expands as it rises, cools where latent heat is released
      - repeats. when condensation occurs, clouds + precipitation
    - - Warm air meets cold, the less dense warm air is undercut by the cold air, forced up
      - warm air, rises latent heat released, cool and condenses forming clouds + precip
    - - Air is forced up a barrier, e.g a mountain
      - Rises, expands, latent heat released, cools reaches dew point
      - rain slope and rain shadow
  - - - cumulonimbus clouds
      - supercooled water, freeze on impact
      - rising and faling of droplet experience temp changes, traps air
    - - due to radiation cooling
      - steam fog: cold air blown over warm air, evaporation, steam
      - advection fog: winds towards poles over a cold sea, so chilled below dew point, can form over cold ocean currents, or warm current air passed over cold land, makes fog
- - - - C02
        
        fossil fuels burning
        
        deforestation
      - methane
        
        cattle farms
        
        permafrost melting
      - CFC's
        
        aerosols
      - nitrous oxides
        
        burning fossil fuels
        
        fertilizers
        
        burning of vegetation
    - - Fossil fuel burning ( more significant )
      - Albedo change
        
        due to deforestation
        
        urbanisation
      - El nino
    - - Rising of sea levels
        
        leads to displacement of any people e.g the netherlands
      - Warming of the oceans
        
        kills coral and other species and habitats
      - Storm activity
        
        more frequent and intense hurricanes + flooding
      - Agriculture
        
        soil dries up becomes unarable
        
        reduced crop production
      - droughts
      - disease
        
        e.g malaria as mosquitos breed faster in the heat
      - species become extinct
  - - - Higher temperature
        
        Low albedo of surfaces
        
        High buildings trap insolation and absorb heat, low buildings cause street to collect heat
        
        reduced evapotranspiration
        
        pollutants trap heat
      - Lower humidity
        
        Lack of vegetation, less transpiration
        
        High drainage density removes water
        
        Less water bodies for evaporation
      - More intense storms
      - Slower winds scattered by buildings
      - Less snowfall
      - Human activity radiates heat
    - - Installation of urban forest
      - Air quality improves too, so trees added
      - reduces ambient temperatures by shading and increased evapotranspiration
- - - - AIR MOVES FROM AND AREA OF LOW PRESSURE TO AN AREA OF HIGH PRESSURE
      - At equator, low pressure
      - Polar cells, high pressure
  - - - Latitude
      - Land and sea distribution
        
        land
        
        more absorbtion, heat confined at the surface
        
        Low specific heat capacity
        
        Sea
        
        more reflective, less absorbtion, convection current distribute heat to greater depths
        
        high specific heat capacity
      - ocean current
        
        prevailing winds caused by movement of ocean currents
        
        warm currents from equator to polars + cold polar water to equators
      - altitude
        
        the higher you go up the colder it is
        
        less moisture in the air
    - - wind caused from high pressure moving to low pressure
      - The spinning of the earth on its axis: Coriolis force
      - Wind belts: air moves faster closer to the poles due to the earths rotation. forms jet streams.