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Lifespan Development, Middle Childhood Ages 6-11, “Can I trust the world?”…

- - - - Influenced by mother’s stress, health, environment
  - - - Embryonic stage (3–8 weeks) – organ formation
      - Fetal stage (9 weeks–birth) – growth + refinement
      - Brain development begins
      - Highly sensitive to environment (nutrition, toxins)
      - Germinal stage (0–2 weeks) – cell division
    - - Teratogens (harmful substances like alcohol, drugs)
- - - - Piaget: Sensorimotor stage
        
        Learning through senses and actions
        
        Object permanence develops
        
        Beginning of language
        
        Out of sight, out of mind”
        
        Piaget: Sensorimotor stage- "Infants learn by doing ,through their senses and actions”
        
        Trial-and-error learning
  - - - Needs met = trust
      - Attachment to caregiver
        
        Separation anxiety
        
        Insecure
        
        Secure
      - Stranger anxiety
      - Emotional bonding
      - Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust
  - - - Motor development (rolling, crawling, walking)
      - Reflexes at birth → voluntary movement
      - Sensory development improves (vision, hearing)
      - Rapid growth (brain + body)
- - - - Piaget: Preoperational
        
        Egocentrism
        
        Symbolic thinking
    - - Erikson: Initiative vs Guilt
        
        “Can I take action?”
        
        Explore and try new things
        
        Social Influences
        
        Media influence
        
        Sex in media
        
        Gender roles
        
        Body image
        
        Relationship expectations
        
        Cultural Factors: Immigration
    - - Erikson: Initiative vs Guilt
        
        “Can I take action?”
        
        Explore and try new things
- - - - Logical thinking
      - Conservation
      - Less egocentrism
      - Classification (grouping ideas)
      - Seriation (ordering)
      - “Logical but concrete thinking”
      - Theories of Learning
        
        Piaget → self-discovery
        
        Vygotsky
        
        Social learning
        
        Scaffolding
        
        Culture affects learning
        
        Information Processing
        
        Learning is gradual (“wave model”)
        
        Strategy development
        
        Practice builds skills
      - Brain Development
        
        More brain connections
        
        Faster thinking (reaction time)
        
        Selective attention (focus improves)
        
        Sustained attention (longer focus)
        
        Automatization (skills become automatic)
      - Memory Development
        
        Sensory memory
        
        Working memory improves
        
        Long-term memory develops
      - Learning and Education
        
        Vocabulary expands
        
        Reading becomes fluent
        
        Math develops gradually
        
        School strongly influences learning
        
        Environment + culture shape learning
  - - - “Can I succeed?”
      - Competence vs feeling inadequate
      - Peer Relationships
        
        Friendships become central
        
        Social comparison
        
        Need for acceptance
      - School Influence
        
        Achievement affects self-esteem
        
        Teacher feedback matters
      - Social Influences
        
        Media
        
        Peer pressure
        
        Bullying
        
        Identity + self-esteem begin forming
      - Special Needs / Differences
        
        ADHD
        
        Learning disorders
        
        Autism spectrum disorder
        
        Special education
        
        Gifted and talented
      - Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
  - - - Increased strength and coordination
      - Improves health + learning
        
        Builds teamwork and social skills
      - hysical activity important (play, sports)
      - Slower, steady growth
    - - Health Problems
        
        Obesity
        
        Caused by diet, inactivity, environment
        
        Affects health + self-esteem
        
        Asthma
        
        Breathing problems affect school and activity
- - - - Physical Development
        
        Puberty Begins
        
        Rapid growth + sexual maturation
        
        Hormonal changes (HPA / HPG axis)
        
        Increased emotions + sexual desire
        
        Lasts ~3–5 years
        
        Sex Differences
        
        Girls
        
        Breast development
        
        Growth spurt
        
        Menarche (first period)
        
        Boys
        
        Testes + penis growth
        
        Growth spurt
        
        Spermarche (first ejaculation)
        
        Secondary Sex Characteristics
        
        Body shape changes
        
        Hair growth
        
        Voice changes
        
        Organ Growth
        
        Heart + lungs grow
        
        Strength increases
        
        Injury risk during growth
        
        Body Rhythms
        
        Circadian rhythm shifts (sleep later)
        
        Sleep deprivation common
        
        Nutrition & Health
        
        Poor diet common
        
        Iron + calcium deficiencies
        
        Eating disorders risk
        
        Puberty Timing Differences
        
        Ethnic Differences
        
        African American → earlier
        
        Hispanic → earlier
        
        Asian → slightly later
        
        Variation within groups
        
        Genetics (major influence)
        
        Body fat → earlier puberty
        
        Environment (urban, SES, chemicals)
        
        Stress → earlier puberty
        
        Secular trend (earlier over time)
        
        “Best timing = same as peers”
    - - Piaget: Formal Operational
        
        Abstract thinking
        
        Hypothetical reasoning
        
        Deductive logic
      - Adolescent Egocentrism
        
        Imaginary audience
        
        Personal fable
        
        Invincibility fable
      - Two Modes of Thinking
        
        Intuitive (fast, emotional)
        
        Analytic (slow, logical)
      - Brain Development
        
        Limbic (emotion) develops first
        
        Prefrontal cortex develops later
        
        Emotion > logic imbalance
      - Reasoning
        
        Inductive
        
        Deductive
      - Decision-Making
        
        Risk-taking behavior
        
        Peer influence
        
        Emotion vs logic conflict
    - - Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion
        
        “Who am I?”
      - Identity Development
      - Independence from parents
      - Peer Relationships (very important)
      - Body Image (linked to self-esteem)
      - Media + Gender roles
      - Romantic + sexual relationships
      - Risks (peer pressure, STIs, problems)