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Halleberg bullshit - Coggle Diagram
Halleberg bullshit
American perspectives for the future of Europe
Issues
Economic
Humanitarian: stopping mass starvation
Revining European economy to facilitate American recovery
Domestic Politics
Truman's in trouble, the isolationist Republicans have control of both Senate and House
Communism
"Iron curtain". Stopping the spread of communism in soviet occupied territories, 1948 Communist Coup in Czechoslovakia, maybe communists winning elections in France and Italy, 1948 Berlin Blockade
Truman Doctrine: rallying support behind Greece and Turkey
Marshall Plan: European Recovery Plan (ERP)
$12.5 billion in food aid and loans where 17 countries participate
The new OECD (Paris) set to administer aid
In order of money: UK, France, Germany, Italy, Iceland, Yugoslavia some bs. Poland and Czechoslovakia wanted but nah
Founding of NATO
North Atlantic Treaty in 1949
Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Nertherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, US, Canada
Art. 5: Attack on one is attack on all
Turkey and Greece join in 1952, Germany 1955
So, on the economic side, Americans provide aid with little institutional organization; on the military side, Americans provide both aid and establishment of institutions
THE EUROPEAN UNION history
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
A common policy for sectors in wages, prices, investment, and competition
Built by the Treat of Paris 1951
Founding members: B, D, F, I, LUX, NL
Institutions
The High Authority: executive branch, forerunner of today's European Comission
Court of Justice: to interpret the Treaty and to settle disputes
Council of Ministers: representatives from the national governments
Constituent assemblies: elected by national parliaments
Results
Shi largely successful, steel and iron production, as well as industrial production, increased hella. By 1959 there's too much coal and steel
European Defence Community
Shared sovereignty over a common European army, failed
All six original members sign treaty in 1952, German Bundestag ratifies it, French National Assembly changes their mind so it's never done
European Economic Community
Treaty of Rome, 1957
Pillars: Good, persons, services, and capital. The creation of a true common market
EURATOM to regulate atomic energy
High authority becomes the European Commission
Common agricultural policy on its way by insistence of CDG
THE EUROPEAN UNION TODAY
Political system
Stable, clearly defined institutions for collective decision-making
Citizens use the system through intermediaries, such as parties or interest groups
Collective decisions impact distribution of economic resources
Continous interaction
Still no monopoly or legitimate use of coercion
NATO, EU, Cold War
Bombs and doctrines
US Bombs
"Manhattan Project", Dropped Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Hydrogen Bomb w Operation Ivy
Soviet Bombs
Make bomb in 1949, and make hydrogen bomb in 1953
NATO Doctrine was initially military strength, economy of effort, resources and manpower, being able to deliver atomic bombs and normal bombs easily, "by all means available"
West Germany was a creation of the Cold War TERMS
Double containment
Stalin Note
Ostpolitik
Broader international context
France refused to integrate nuclear weapons, give up control of military, yet remained in NATO. Under president Sarkozy they quit the bs.
International system 50s-60s
IMF: maintain the stability of the inernational currency system
World Bank: multi-lateral development bank
Political and economic development in Western Europe post WWII
Context: May 1945
Germany: a mess, most cities in rumble, people fled, widespread hunger and disease
Rest of Europe: 3/4 of Western Europe is below poverty line. However, most of industrial capacity is still intact.
What is missing for recovery
Infrastructure: roads, bridges, etc.
People: labor shortages because of dislocations, death
Raw materials: getting them and paying for them
States
3 annexed
10 occupied by hostile powers
1 occupied against its will by a friendly power
4 partially occupied and divided by hostile powers
European Solutions
Truly Federal Europe (Spinelli)
Europe of Nation States (Churchill): lowkey just limited cooperation among nation-states
Economic planning (Monnet): Generalizing French targets for employment, trade, production to the rest of the continent
What they did: The Hague conference 1948-49. Little action, established Court of Human Rights
THE EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS
Decision-making
Ordinary legislation
Commission proposes bill, parliament amends / passes, council approved by Qualified Majority Vote
QMV: 65% of population, 55% of member states
Unanimity
Commission proposes bill, Parliament "consults", council approves by unanimity
The European Commission
Composition
College of Commissioners
27 commissioners, one per state
Elected for a five-year term
One comi
The staff at the commission
Commission President
Heads the commission. Current prez: Ursula von der Leyen