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Marxists - Coggle Diagram
Marxists
Gramsci
Inequality persists not just through economic dominance or force, but through cultural hegemony.
Cultural Hegemony: The dominant class imposes its worldview so thoroughly that it becomes the accepted cultural norm. Inequality goes unquestioned because the cultural narrative frames the interests of the elite as the interests of all.
Civil Society: Institutions like schools, churches, the media, and trade unions function as the arenas where hegemony is manufactured. Instead of direct state coercion, these institutions subtly teach people to accept the status quo
Common Sense: Gramsci explored how inequality is normalized through everyday, taken-for-granted assumptions. The oppressed internalize these baseline societal narratives, making structural inequality appear as natural or inevitable.
Subalterns: A term used to describe marginalized or subordinated groups excluded from established political and economic institutions. Subalterns suffer from multiple, intersecting forms of inequality (e.g., class, race, gender, and migration status).
Organic Intellectuals: To dismantle inequality, Gramsci argued that marginalized groups must produce their own thinkers. These "organic intellectuals" arise from within the working class to articulate a counter-hegemony—a new, revolutionary narrative that challenges the elite worldview and leads the struggle for liberation
Sewell Report
factors like class, geography, and family structure are greater drivers of disparity than widespread systemic racism
Rejection of Institutional Racism: The report argued that the UK is no longer a country where the system is "deliberately rigged" against ethnic minorities. It claimed the term "institutional racism" is often misused as a catch-all for individual microaggressions
The "Immigrant Optimism" Model: The authors highlighted that some minority groups (such as Indian and Chinese communities) outperform White British students in education and income, suggesting that a lack of systemic blockage proves racism is not the singular or primary barrier
EVIDENCE
Up to 7,122 cancer deaths per year in England (2004–2006) could have been avoided within three years of diagnosis if survival rates matched those in the most affluent areas. (pubmed, 1996-2006)
People living the most deprived areas are 4 times more likely to die from CVD.
(BHF, May 2024)
Sewell
Triple Quandary Theory
Minority Experience: Coping with the systemic dynamics, stereotypes, and biases associated with being a racially minoritized group.
Heritage Culture: Retaining and valuing the cultural ethos, traditions, and practices of Black communities.
Mainstream Experience: Adapting to the values, expectations, and structures of dominant Euro-American society.
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Sewell
Sewell argues a culture of hyper-masculinity ascribed to by some (but not all) black boys is one of the main factors explaining their educational underachievement.
Economic Leadership
Control over key sectors such as banking, finance, manufacturing, and corporations, which shape the wider economy.
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