Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
INDIAN WARS - Coggle Diagram
INDIAN WARS
Little Crow's War
Caused by broken treaties and loss of land, exploitation by government agents who didn't give them food, starvation due to crops failing and lack of food supply,
1862: Little Crow = chief of the Santee Sioux, lived on a reservation in Minnesota, Little Crow and others attacked the agency that ran the reservation - they stole food to share and burned the agency building, By October, most Santee had surrendered or been captured and 38 were executed
Consequences: The Santee were then moved to a smaller reservation, Crow Creek. Its barren landscape caused many deaths that winter.
Sand Creek Massacre
Cause: Cheyenne starving after crop failures. Black Kettle and rest of tribe attacked wagon trains and stole food but didn't harm traveller. After 3 years of attacks, Black Kettle negotiated with government officials and the army
Event: 29th November 1864 Colonel Chivington lead a dawn raid on Cheyenne camp. More than 150 Plains Indians were massacred even though they surrendered. Black Kettle escaped and told other tribes what had happened
Consequences: more than 150 Plains Indians killed, US Senate Committee of Enquiry condemned Chivington, both white Americans and Plains Indians were horrified
Red Cloud's War
Cause: Bozeman trail which connected the Oregon Trail to gold in Montana. This trail broke the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 because it crossed the hunting grounds of the Sioux.
Red Cloud led attacks on the trail travellers. In 1866, the government negotiated with him but Red Cloud stormed out when he learned there were two more forts planned along the trail. In December 1866, Captain Fetterman and 80 soldiers rode into a trap and were massacred by the Sioux, who blocked the route so no traveller could use it.
The US Army negotiated the Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868 which meant the Bozeman trail would be closed and the 3 forts, red cloud would move his tribe to the Black Hills of Dakota/Great Sioux Reservation
-
Wounded Knee Massacre
Cause: the Ghost dance movement - desperate for hope the Lakota turned to spiritual dances to try to resurrect buffalos and dead Plains Indians, extermination of the buffalo, government paranoia
Cavalry intercepted band on Lakota led by Chief Big Foot and ordered them to surrender their weapons; an argument broke put between a deaf Lakota man and US soldier. A shot was fired and the heavily armed cavalry immediately slaughtered hundreds
Consequences: end of indigenous resistance to reservation life, atrocity, the cavalry soldiers had been given medals to recognise bravery, historic symbolism