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Third Wave of Immigration (1890-1930) - Coggle Diagram
Third Wave of Immigration (1890-1930)
Who Were the New Immigrants?
Period
1890-1930
Different from earlier waves
Southern & Eastern Europeans
Main groups
Italians
Poles
Russians
Hungarians
Greeks
Jews
Mexicans
Japanese
Peak years
1890-1914
Key statistics
Immigration Peak
1907
80% from Southern/Eastern Europe
Over 1 million arrivals in several years
Reasons for Migration
Economic opportunity
Escape persecution
Lower transport costs
Better living conditions
Example
Jewish Immigration
Escaping pogroms in the Russian Empire
Characteristics of Immigrants
Younger
More often single
Less likely to travel as families
Birds of Passage
Temporary workers
Returned home after earning money
Settlement & Employment
Settlement Patterns
Frontier closed (1890)
Less farmland available
Immigrants moved to cities
Northeast
Midwest
Jobs
Factories
Construction
Industrial labor
Unskilled work
Exception
Japanese Immigrants
California agriculture
Farmed less desirable land
Cause
Industrialization
Created demand for cheap labor
Social Impact & Reactions
Social Impact
Rapid population growth
Urban overcrowding
Poor sanitation
Poverty
Fear of crime & instability
Responses
Settlement houses
Help immigrants adapt
Promote Americanization
Defenders of immigrant cultures
Supporters of immigration restrictions
Melting Pot Debate
Israel Zangwill (1908)
The Melting Pot
Idea
Different groups blend into one American identity
Alternative Views
Cultural Pluralism
Cultures remain distinct
Anglo-American Dominance
Immigrants should adopt traditional American culture
Immigration Restrictions
Growing nativism
Government intervention
Quota system introduced
Key Laws
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
National Origins Act (1924)
Effects
Numerical limits
Favoured Northern Europeans
Favoured Western Europeans
Reduced Southern/Eastern European immigration
Asian Immigration
Effectively banned
Why?
Influences
Nationalism
Eugenics
Long-Term Impact
Immigration system remained until reforms in 1965