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Arsenic Bioremediation using Corynebacterium glutamicum image, References…

- - - - chronic exposure can lead to arsenicosis, causing
        
        Skin Lesions
        
        Hyperpigmentation
        
        Hair loss
      - cause failure of vital organs, various cancers, and neurological disorders in children
        
        Liver
        
        Kidneys
        
        Heart
        
        Children neurological disorder
    - - can remain in marine and aquatic ecosystems indefinitely
      - can travel up food chain through contaminated seafood
- - - - designed to accumulate and safely store high amounts of toxic arsenic within their cells
    - - ArsR (a regulatory protein)
      - ArsB (an arsenite efflux pump)
      - ArsC (an enzyme that reduces arsenate to the less stable arsenite)
    - - complex, multi-layered cell wall architecture
        
        cell wall has ionizable functional groups that carry a negative charge
        
        electrostatically attract arsenic compounds to these sites
        
        exopolysaccharides, which can form a biofilm
        
        powerful biosorbent agent to aggregate the metal from the surrounding environment onto the cell surface
- - - - ArsR: senses presence of arsenic and regulates the expression of the other genes in operon
      - ArsB: efflux pump, actively transports trivalent arsenite out of bacterial cell to prevent toxic accumulation
      - ArsC: handles pentavelant arsenate in aerobic environments
      - ArsC1 and ArsC2
        
        mycothiol-based single-cysteine reductases
        
        reduce the less toxic As(V) into the more toxic As(III) inside the cytoplasm
        
        help with ArsB efflux pump that removes As(III)
- - - - ex situ
        
        biopiles or windrows
      - in situ
        
        bioventing
    - - bioslurping
        
        combining vacuum-enhanced pumping with bioventing
    - - Bioreactors
- - - - due to
        
        potential leakage of modified genes