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HLWB205 Revision, Positivism/realism, Foundations - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Perceived Benefits vs. Perceived Barriers
      - Perceived Threat
      - Self efficacy
        
        Likelihood of Engaging in Health-Promoting Behvaiour
  - - - ...indirectly influence health behaviours by shaping an individual's perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers.
  - - - Beliefs directly influence behaviours
    - - Objectivity, this paradigm should apply to everyone regardless of race, nationality, etc.
    - - Observation, experience, experiment to test hypothesis/theory
- - - - *** is it actually possible to be truly objective?
- - - - Rsch should be value-free and objective
      - Epistemology
        
        Methodology
        
        The scientific method (a positivist paradigm)
        
        Observation
        
        Question
        
        Hypothesis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Should be able to reproduce results
        
        Generalisation: Samples leading to assumptions about populations
        
        Research should be value free - prefer quantitative data
        
        Scientific inquiry, observable facts, concrete evidence
        
        Set questions and test these questions with ojective data
        
        Hypothesis testing
        
        "positivists believe that society can be studied in the same way as the natural world, patterns can be observed and analysed to create evidence about society (inductive reasoning)"
      - Rscher must remain detached to avoid bias
      - Ethical consideration focus on neutrality and scientific rigour
- - - - Tuhiwai Smith's definition of research:
        
        “Research is not an innocent or distant academic exercise but an activity that has something at stake and that occurs in a set of political and social conditions”
      - John W. Cresswell's
        
        “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyse information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.”
  - - - There is a true reality than we can know objectively with the right tools
      - There is no single true reality to know: we can only know how reality is understood and interpreted
  - - - Realism: Reality is fixed, external, and singular...
      - Relativism: Reality is subjective and plural...
  - - - Ontology: "Critical-realist"
        
        Axiology
        
        Epistemology
        
        Methodology/methods
        
        Helps understand patient perspectives and health experiences beyond numerical data
        
        Mixed methods is good
        
        One aspect will lead into another
        
        Interviews --> what's important ---> survey research
        
        Subjective realityies are interpeted by the researcher
        
        Recognises the influence of context (social, cultural and historical factors) on health behaviours and beliefs.
        
        "Lived experiences" vs quantitative data/scientific fact
        
        Emphasises understanding the subjective experiences and meanings individuals attribute meaning to their health and illness
        
        there is an objective reality out there, however you can only access that reality to the extent you can access experiences
    - - Benefits
        
        Rich, contextualised explanations of a phenomenon
        
        Socio-cultural factors are prioritised
        
        Equity is prioritised
      - Limitations
        
        'Relativist' - limited in what conclusions can be drawn
        
        Difficulty establishing causality
        
        Risk minimising the biological or psychological factors of illness/disease
  - - - Ontology: Relativist
        
        Axiology
        
        Epistemology
        
        Methodology/Methods
        
        Primarily use Qualitative research methods.
        
        Ethical considerations focus on respecting diverse perspectives and co-constructing knowledge with participants.
        
        e.g. "story-teller" rather than a scientist in a laboratory
        
        Knowledge is socially constructed. Meaning it is co-created (as opposed to discovered) with participants.
        
        Researchers seek to uncover the underlying meanings and assumptions that influence human behaviour.
        
        Research is value-laden, and the researcher's perspectives influence the process (we are a tool). Subjectivity is acknowledged and embraced.
        
        Reality is subjective. Individuals create their own understanding of the world through their interactions and experiences.
        
        e.g. prisoners looking out a window, every prisoner has a different view of the courtyard depending on where their cell is located.
    - - Criticisms of original model (without modifying variables):
        
        The model assumes rationality
        
        Doesn’t account for communal decisions
        
        Limited focus on power imbalances
  - - - Mātauranga Māori is the "original knowledge generated in, by and for this country" (Stewart, 2022)
      - Mātauranga Māori is.. Linked to Māori identity and forms part of the unique features which make up that identity. Because this is so, it also means that Mātauranga Māori is a unique part of the identity of all New Zealand citizens" (Mead, 2022)
      - Core elements
        
        Emphasises frameworks of values and ethical concepts
        
        Whakawhanaungatanga - building relationships
        
        Tikanga - correct cultural practices
        
        Tino rangatiratanga - sovereignty
        
        Lessens the concern with scientific method
        
        Protecting Māori ways of knowing
        
        "Not like an archive of information but rather is like a tool for thinking, organising information, considering the ethics of knowledge, the appropriateness of it all and informing us about our world and our place in it" - (Mead, 2003)
        
        'ever-evolving'
      - Decolonizing Methodologies by Linda Tuhiwai Smith
        
        Politics, global impact
        
        With Māori for Māori
      - Ways the western worldview has impacted Mātauranga Māori:
        
        One-on-one therapy doesn't work on Māori, whanau need to be involved
        
        Social Darwinism, British powers believed that anyone that is trying to expand and progress is the more 'dominant or advanced' race. They believed it would be natural for Māori to disappear
        
        Used to justify a lack of protection for Māori rights and communities
        
        Western doctors don't have a spiritual component to their treatment
      - Te Ao Mārama
        
        The world of light and understanding born from the Māori origin story
        
        Came to after children split their parents apart, where humans live now
        
        Used to describe the Māori worldview
        
        I te kore, ki te po, ki te ao Mārama
      - Epistemology
        
        Knowledge as:
        
        Sacred, contextual, and kinship specific-Mātauranga-a-iwi - specific knowledge and ways of thinking of an iwi or hapu
        
        Experiential - thought and feelings are not separate in Mātauranga Māori
        
        Benefiting to community
        
        Some iwi want research/knowledge to remain sacred and quiet within an iwi, only some knowledge gets shared
        
        Academic sources and iwi hold equal power - different to positivism, which has a need for objectivity, researcher draws knowledge from participants
        
        A process rather than a product
        
        Using Te Ao Māori, we can understand complex relationships between people, their environments and the cosmos.
        
        Should the researcher strive for objectivity?
        
        Researchers are embedded in communities that shape perspectivists.
      - Methodology/Methods
        
        Methods are those appropriate in context:
        
        Whaikōrero - speeches
        
        Waiata - song
        
        Pepehā - 'who am I?', introduction
        
        Whakataukī - proverbs
        
        Whakapapa - connection to land and ancestors
        
        Pūrākau - stories
        
        What do we accept as evidence?
        
        Data that is grounded in protocol and genuine relationships
        
        What research methods are preferred?
        
        Relational methods of data collection engagement with groups.
      - Ontology
        
        Different from positivism, as in positivism connection to participants is not helpful, leads to bias, etc.
        
        "Whakapapa tells us that the environment is not separate form the study; the researcher is not independent form the research; thought is not divorced from feeling; and knowledge is not distinct from its spiritual, natural and sociocultural setting. Coming to know is a holistic experience." (Nicholson, 2020)
        
        Te ao Mārama is the physical world of reality, but everything is connected through whakapapa and multiple realities exist in harmony
      - Mātauranga Māori: a philosophy from Aotearoa By Dan Kikuroa
        
        ‘ūkaipō’ refers to night feeding a baby
        
        Can refer to Human life, and its dependence on Papatūānuku, the Earth Mother
        
        ‘Mātauranga Māori is therefore a method for generating knowledge, and all of the knowledge generated according to that method’
        
        Can be considered a science
        
        Began when Māori ancestors arrived in Aotearoa
        
        Eight oral genres:
        
        Mōteatea
        
        Whaikōrero
        
        Maramataka
        
        Waiata
        
        Pepeha
        
        Whakataukī
        
        Whakapapa
        
        Pūrākau
        
        A form of science?
        
        Some of these forms of Mātauranga are generated using the scientific method, explained according to a Māori worldview
        
        Could be taught instead of science or translating the entire science programme into te reo for a maori view rather than a western one however the issue is…
        
        if the aim is to produce Māori scientists, then students must learn enough science at school to get into university science education, which learning mātauranga will not achieve.
        
        teaching mātauranga instead of science, or translating science into Māori
        
        Hinders rather than helps māori students
        
        Teaching not practicing
        
        "science’ is a heterogeneous, dynamic system of knowledge, with its central disciplines of biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics continually evolving and expanding in all directions into many interdisciplinary fields"
        
        Continues to develop and change with tech and philosophical progress
        
        Has been manipulated in the past, for political purposes, ideologies, ('scientism')
        
        Intolerance of criticism betrays lack of understanding that science, as Western philosophy, ‘cannot get to its own ontology through its rational method. It is barred, as it were, from looking at itself’ (Mika and Peters 2015, p. 1126).
        
        Factual and free from values, yet makes claims about its own value
        
        'Personal blind spots' for many scientists
        
        'invisible' philosophy of science
        
        People cant compare the 'facts' of science with the 'values' of mātauranga
        
        Enshrined in policy
    - - What is it?
        
        Ways of knowing from a Pacific perspective
        
        Ways of understanding the Pacific world
        
        Ways to make sense of Pacific cultural values and beliefs
      - Pacific regions
        
        3 main categories of the Pacific
        
        Micronesia
        
        Polynesia
        
        Melanesia
        
        Most of pacific Nzers are from the Polynesian category
      - Core elements
        
        Relationship
        
        How they relate to each other strengthens the pacific worldview
        
        Respect
        
        Mutual respect
        
        How you position yourself in the pacific community
        
        Where you stand between you and another (relational space)
        
        Reciprocity
        
        Spiritual grounding
        
        Every pacific community is unique in their own right
        
        Collective
        
        "we work together"
        
        Respecting connection, often through food
      - Why it matters
        
        Offer alternative ways of understanding mind, wellbeing, identity, and relationship
        
        The psychological relevance of pacific epistemologies is about improving outcomes for pacific propels
        
        Within the context of health, education, housing, employment, etc.
        
        Pacific voices shape the systems that serve them
        
        Challenge western assumptions (focus on individuals)
        
        Systems here in New Zealand are constructed around western perspectives
        
        The pacific is massive, these ideas could be helpful in many places
      - Inform health psychology understanding:
        
        HEALTH AS HOLISTIC: pacific worldviews see mental, physical, spiritual, and social wellbeing as interconnected.
        
        IDENTITY: is shaped by family, community, and cultural obligations.
        
        COLLECTIVE APPROACH: coping strategies often involve family, church, and community networks, which provide emotional support and influence decision-making.
        
        E.g. 2 people max in hospital wards, could end up culturally insensitive, might have health consequences for the family
        
        SENSE-MAKING: experiences of illness are interpreted through cultural narratives, spirituality, and community values.
      - Relevance for health psychology practice
        
        Encouraging relational engagement
        
        Supporting culturally grounded interventions
        
        Talanoa - talk discussion dialogue
        
        Highlighting the importance of cultural identity as a protective factor for wellbeing
        
        Addressing structural and cultural barriers that contribute to health inequities
        
        Reflection on core elements
        
        THESE APPROACHES ALLIGN WITH HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S GOALS OF IMPROVING HEALTH OUTCOMES BY UNDERSTANDING THE DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOUR.
      - Implications for health behaviour
        
        Illness is a disruption of a person's balance, their family and their surroundings - not just their physical health.
        
        Help-seeking is influenced by family and community, which can either support or delay engagement with services.
        
        Spiritual explanations of illness may coexist with biomedical ones, influencing treatment preferences and adherence.
        
        Stigma and silence surrounding mental distress can be influenced by cultural expectations of strength, service, and family reputation.
        
        Addressed through education
      - Example: Samoa
        
        Samoan social structure
        
        Values:
        
        Reciprocity
        
        Relationship
        
        Families
        
        Community
        
        Spirituality
        
        Similar values to other pacific communities, but differences in application
        
        Respect
        
        Traditional, communal, collectively
        
        Aiga (extended family)
        
        Matai - family chief/leader (administrative duties)
        
        Family members - different roles and responsibilities including children
        
        Village council of elders
        
        Samoan epistemology: Tofā Māmāo
        
        Tofā - knowledge
        
        Māmāo - deep or in-depth
        
        Tofā Māmāo - in-depth knowledge
        
        Significance:
        
        TRADITIONAL APPROACH:
        
        Uses herbal medicine, ritual, prayers, massage and community support
        
        aims to restore balance and harmony rather than eliminating symptoms
        
        personalised to cultural identity, family structure and spiritual needs
        
        WESTERN APPROACH:
        
        relies on medications, surgery and clinical interventions
        
        treatment is standardised and aims to remove or correct the biological problem.
        
        Knowledge drawn from:
        
        indigenous thinking
        
        ancestral knowing
        
        land, sea, sky, mountain, forest
        
        proverbs & idoms
        
        Four core values:
        
        respect
        
        relationship
        
        reciprocity
        
        compassion
        
        Usually 'held' by traditional leaders, but in specific contexts could be held by educators or different knowledgeable people
        
        APPLICATION OF TOFĀ MĀMĀO TO PACIFIC HEALTH
        
        understand the psychological impact of health within the pacific context
        
        it affects everyone in the family
        
        it is every family member's business
        
        it has an impact on family daily routines
        
        Knowledge isn't passed to pacific communities through research journals etc, it must be given to communities directly through discussion, churches, etc.
  - - - Qualitative research: Emphasise words rather than numbers. Focuses on the generation of theories.
      - Quantitative research: Emphasise numbers. Focuses on the testing of theories.
      - Bias: researchers may unknowingly influence or bias the outcome of a study.
      - Variable: an attribute that varies between individuals, objects, qualities and properties.
      - Mixed methods research
    - - Deductive reasoning: the investigator starts with general ideas and develops specific theories and hypotheses from them, which are then tested by collecting and analysing data.
      - Inductive reasoning: begins with observations and builds up general statements and hypotheses from them for testing.
      - Grounded theory: the process of generating theory from data that have been systematically gathered and analysed.
      - The scientific method: as system of rules and processes on which research is based and against which it can be evaluated.
  - - - a systematic generation of data
        
        Research design, data generation, and data analysis must be systematic.
      - Be evaluated by communities
        
        These communities develop particular understandings of the criteria for quality
        
        E.g. class projects and thesis research are evaluated by faculty members who judge the extend to which research meets standards as defined by their particular departments within the university.
        
        E.g. journals are evaluated by reviewers and editors and people who review the journal
    - - Critical thinking. Analysing and evaluating what you think and why you think it.
      - Evaluating the possible truth value of abstract information is a higher order brain function that is not automatic.
      - Train yourself to think about what you are reading or hearing.
      - Requires a critical/sceptical attitude: Treat all knowledge as tentative.
      - Creative as well as logical
      - Understand the tools of research
      - Recognise biases and their likely consequences
- - - - Society influences...
        
        how people act, what people think
    - - How do people make sense of the world?
      - How do these understandings shape social life?
    - - Power creates...
        
        inequalities
        
        human behaviours, human meanings
- - - - METHODOLOGY
        
        METHODS
  - - - THEORY: Theoretical stance
        
        METHODOLOGY: Systematization